LOGAN.    THE    MINGO 


LOGAN  THE  MINGO 


BY 


FRANKLIN  B.  SAWVEL,  PH.D. 

Member  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania 


BOSTON 

RICHARD  G.  BADGER 

THE    GORHAM   PRESS 


COPYRIGHT,  1921,  BY  RICHARD  G.  BADGER 
All  Rights  Reserved 

f<H 


Made  in  the  United  States  of  America 
The  Gorham  Press,  Boston,  U.  S.  A. 


FOREWORD 

THE  purpose  of  this  narrative  is  to  recount  the 
events  and  achievements  that  make  up  the  life 
story  of  Logan,  the  Mingo,  in  the  order  of  their 
occurrence  with  a  fullness  and  completeness  not 
hitherto  attempted. 

The  author  has  used  material  from  many  rec 
ords  and  writers  freely  without  acknowledging 
the  source  in  the  text;  but  adds  a  bibliography  of 
Logan  literature  and  list  of  works  consulted  and 
drawn  from  which  he  hopes  will  be  a  due  and 
adequate  acknowledgement  to  each.  The  text 
itself  more  than  suggests  the  original  source  of 
some  of  the  subject  matter. 

The  North  American  Indians  did  not  have  a 
written  language  and  left  no  literature  to  preserve 
their  myths  and  ideals  by  recounting  deeds  of 
valor  and  chivalry  of  brave  men  and  the  devotion 
of  beautiful  maidens;  and  no  poetry  to  immortal 
ize  their  Wise  Men  and  Chiefs.  Their  history 
was  written  by  their  enemies  and  conquerors, 
peoples  of  different  nationalities  and  of  different 
culture  and  social  ideals. 

5 


r  o 


6  Foreword 

It  is  not  surprising  then  that  so  few  names  have 
come  down  to  us  and  that  our  inheritance  from 
the  lives  of  their  capable  and  renowned  leaders, 
whether  King,  Chief  or  Sachem,  in  the  struggle 
for  existence  and  for  the  attainment  of  what  satis 
fied  them  as  a  worthy  national  and  race  ambition, 
is  so  meager  and  so  lightly  appreciated. 

The  name  Mingo,  commonly  applied  to  Logan, 
is  of  Algonquin  origin  and  means  "stealthy  or 
treacherous."  It  was  given  to  the  Iroquois  by  the 
Delawares  and  affiliated  tribes  and  later  became 
the  special  name  of  the  band  of  that  nation,  mostly 
Senecas,  that  left  the  common  home  in  New  York 
and  migrated  westward  to  the  Ohio  country. 
When  he  moved  from  Pennsylvania,  he  cast  his 
fortunes  with  these  wanderers;  and  though  some 
times  called  by  his  Indian  name,  Tah-gah-jute,  he 
was  no  longer  called  Shikellamy,  but  became 
known  to  history  as  Logan,  the  Mingo. 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

I    LOGAN'S  FOREBEARS  AND  EARLY  LIFE       .  13 
II     LOGAN  is  CHOSEN  DEPUTY  AND  ELECTED 

SACHEM 18 

III  HE  MEETS  GREAT  MEN  IN  COUNCIL    .     .  22 

IV  A  PERIOD  OF  UNREST  AND  DISTRUST   .     .  27 
V    FIVE  YEARS  AMONG  THE  MOUNTAINS  .      .  36 

VI     SOME  CAUSES  OF  REVENGE  AND  CRUELTY  43 

VII    LOGAN  MOVES  TO  THE  OHIO  COUNTRY      .  52 

VIII    THE  MURDER  OF  LOGAN'S  FAMILY       .     .  59 

IX    VALUES  PLACED  ON  HUMAN  LIFE    ...  63 

X    PERSONAL  TRAITS 67 

XI    LOGAN  TAKES  REVENGE 69 

XII  DUNMORE'S  WAR 78 

XIII  LOGAN'S  FAMOUS  SPEECH 82 

XIV  YEARS  OF  UNCERTAINTY 87 

XV    FAVORS  THE  BRITISH  CAUSE — A  CONFES 
SION       98 

XVI    THE  END 100 

XVII    TRIBUTES — IN  SONG  AND  STORY     .     .     .  102 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  LOGAN  LITERATURE       .  109 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 
LOGAN,  THE  MINGO ^Frontispiece 


FACING 
PAGE 


LOGAN  SPRING,  RUDSVILLE,  PENNSYLVANIA  .     .      40 

LOGAN  ELM 60 

LOGAN  MONUMENT,  AUBURN,  NEW  YORK    .     .     100 


LOGAN  THE  MINGO 


LOGAN  THE  MINGO 

CHAPTER  I 

LOGAN'S  FOREBEARS  AND  EARLY  LIFE 

LOGAN  was  human.  His  conduct  shows  what 
Cooper  calls  the  diversity  or  great  antithesis  of 
character  of  the  North  American  Indian.  The 
worst  and  best  qualities  of  human  beings  were 
joined  in  him.  He  had  the  gross  instincts,  cun 
ning  and  treachery,  thirst  for  blood  and  revenge 
of  the  Red  Man  and  the  sense  of  justice  and 
honor,  love  of  virtue  and  peace  and  the  reverence 
for  Deity  of  the  White  Man.  There  was  some 
thing  more  noble  in  this  son  of  the  forest  than  his 
primitive  exterior  and  inborn  savagery.  He  was 
first  of  all  a  human  being  and  then  an  Indian  with 
a  vision. 

His  father  was  born  in  Montreal  of  Canadian 
French  parents  and  had  been  carried  away  by 
the  Indians  when  a  child  and  brought  up  by  the 
Oneidas,  a  tribe  of  the  Iroquois.  The  English 
called  him  Shikellamy  and  the  Moravian  mission 
aries  spelled  it  Shikellemus.1  When  he  grew  to 

1  Indian  names  are   often   spelled  in   different  ways   and   the 
following  are  found  in  old  records  as  variations: — Shikellimy, 

13 


14  Logan  the  Mingo 

manhood  he  married  an  Indian  girl  of  the  Cayugas 
and  lived  for  a  time  at  the  Indian  village  of  Osco 
or  Wasco,  now  Auburn,  New  York.  Whether 
Shikellamy  wore  a  tiny  bow-and-arrow  strung  to 
his  neck  on  his  hunting  trips  before  our  hero 
saw  the  light  as  was  the  custom  among  the  In 
dians  when  a  boy  child  was  wished  for,  tradition 
has  not  told  us.  But  to  Shikellamy  and  his  squaw 
was  born  a  son  about  the  year  seventeen  hundred 
twenty-five  and  they  named  him  Tah-gah-jute, 
which  means,  "his  eyelashes  stick  out  and  above  as 
if  looking  through  or  over  something — hence 
spying."  When  the  child  was  five  years  old  the 
parents  moved  to  Shamokin  where  Shikellamy  was 
made  Chief  of  the  Indians  around  the  place  which 
was  also  known  as  Fort  Augusta.  It  is  now  Sun- 
bury,  Pennsylvania. 

Tah-gah-jute  was  the  second,  one  tradition  says 
the  oldest,  of  four  brothers  and  he  had  three 
sisters.  His  father  had  been  baptized  in  infancy 
at  Montreal  into  the  Catholic  faith.  He  was 
converted  to  the  Protestant  religion  by  the  preach 
ing  of  the  Moravian  missionaries  at  Shamokin  and 
the  eagle-eyed  boy  was  baptized  by  the  same 
Moravian  Brethren  and  re-named  Logan  by  the 

Shakallamy,  Shecalamy,  Shekallamy,  Shickalamy,  Shikallamy, 
Shikelimo,  Shikellima,  Shikellemus,  Shikellimus,  Shikellimy, 
Shykelimy,  Shekellamy,  Shick  Calamy,  Sicalamous,  Swatana, 
Swataney,  etc. 


Logan's  Forebears  and  Early  Life        15 

fond  and  ambitious  father  after  James  Logan, 
Secretary  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  under 
William  Penn;  for  it  was  held  to  be  a  great  honor 
for  an  Indian  to  answer  to  the  name  of  a  white 
man.  So  it  came  about  that  mixed,  brave  red 
blood  flowed  in  Logan's  veins  and  honor  crowned 
his  youthful  brow,  prophecies  of  the  life-long  and 
eloquent  advocate  of  peace  between  his  race  and 
the  white  man  he  was  to  become  and  the  ruthless, 
savage  foe  when  wronged  beyond  human  endur 
ance. 

We  know  little  of  the  boy's  life  till  he  arrives 
at  the  age  of  heroic  deeds  and  tests  of  his  innate 
and  keen  sense  of  honor  and  duty.  His  after  life 
shows  that  he  had  mastered  the  arts  of  warfare, 
of  hunting  and  dressing  skins  and  the  nobler  arts 
of  diplomacy  and  peace-making.  He  often  went 
on  hunting  trips  to  the  mountain  regions  of  west 
ern  Pennsylvania  and  to  Virginia  and  learned  the 
lay  of  the  country  so  well  that  he  became  a 
trusted  guide  and  messenger.  He  became  expert 
with  the  bow-and-arrow  and  could  throw  the 
deadly  tomahawk  with  surer  aim  than  his  com 
panions.  His  greatest  skill  was  in  the  use  of  the 
flint-lock  gun  they  got  from  the  French  and  Eng 
lish,  the  most  deadly  weapon  in  war  and  in  the 
chase  in  those  days,  and  no  buck  or  doe  escaped 
his  viligant  eye  and  unerring  aim. 


1 6  Logan  the  Mingo 

He,  too,  married  a  Cayuga  maid  who  bore  him 
several  children  of  whose  after  life  nothing  is 
known  with  certainty.  She  died  of  fever  at 
Shamokin  in  October,  1747,  the  same  year  he  was 
appointed  Counsellor  for  the  Cayugas.  The  fol 
lowing  legend  with  its  touch  of  romance  survived 
among  the  Cayugas  and  is  worthy  to  be  repeated* 
as  it  probably  refers  to  his  second  marriage. 
Ontonegea  was  a  famous  Chief  and  a  close  friend 
of  Logan's  father.  A  beautiful  child  was  born 
to  him  at  Osco.  Her  eyes  were  piercing,  her 
face  like  the  smiling  sun,  her  person  comely  as  a 
flower  and  her  manners  gentle.  From  wigwam  to 
wigwam  she  tript  like  a  fairy  scattering  brightness 
and  joy  everywhere  and  when  she  glided  through 
the  maize-fields  she  brought  golden  ears  and 
plenty.  Ontonegea  took  her  with  him  on  a  jour 
ney  to  Fort  Orange  where  an  officer  in  King 
George's  service  on  account  of  her  remarkable 
beauty  and  gentleness  gave  her  an  English  name, 
Alvaretta,  which  she  kept  ever  afterwards.  Shikel- 
lamy  did  not  forget  his  friendship  for  Alvaretta's 
father  and  when  Ontonegea  died  he  adopted  the 
beautiful  girl.  Logan  had  become  deeply  attached 
to  her  in  childhood  and  because  his  father  before 
he  died  had  requested  him  to  marry  Alvaretta, 
"the  marriage  ceremony  was  performed  in  1749 
by  Bishop  Zeisberger,  a  pious  missionary  who  ad- 


Logan's  Forebears  a\nd  Early  Life        17 

ministered  the  consolation  of  the  gospel  to  his 
dying  parent." 

At  all  events  Logan  married  a  second  wife,  a 
Shawneese,  who  survived  him  but  bore  him  no 
children.  His  father  had  arisen  to  positions  of 
trust  and  honor  with  the  Governor  of  the  province 
and  among  the  settlers  and  traders.  When  he 
went  out  on  official  business  for  the  government 
Logan  accompanied  him.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
three  he  was  sent  alone  as  ambassador  in  his 
father's  place.  That  was  the  way — the  school — 
in  which  the  young  men  were  trained  in  diplomacy 
and  public  speaking  and  Logan's  after  life  shows 
how  well  and  richly  he  improved  the  opportunities 
he  had.  Frequently  after  this  during  his  father's 
declining  strength  the  son  was  sent  on  important 
embassies  to  act  for  him.  Shikellamy  was  a  friend 
of  the  English  and  admonished  his  sons  to  remain 
friends  of  the  white  man.  He  died  the  year  fol 
lowing  the  death  of  Logan's  first  wife  and  was 
buried  at  Shamokin. 


CHAPTER    II 

LOGAN  IS  CHOSEN  DEPUTY  AND 
ELECTED  SACHEM 

His  death  did  not  make  Logan  his  successor. 
By  an  Indian  custom  it  fell  to  the  mother's  tribe 
and  to  the  oldest  son  if  accounted  worthy.  His 
older  brother,  Taghneghtoris,  also  called  John 
Shikellamy,  had  lost  an  eye  before  the  father's 
death  and  the  Council  of  Chiefs  rejected  him  as 
their  leader  on  that  account  and  as  the  successor 
of  his  father.  The  next  spring,  April  twenty- 
second,  seventeen  hundred  forty-nine,  Conrad 
Weiser  appointed  Logan,  on  account  of  his  ability, 
honesty  and  prominence,  in  the  name  of  the  Gov 
ernor  to  succeed  his  father  and  sent  a  string  of 
wampum  to  the  Onondagas  to  tell  them  of  the 
appointment.  He  accepted  the  office  which  was 
duly  confirmed  by  the  Governor  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania  and  by  the  Council  of  Chiefs. 

He  inherited  from  his  father  almost  unlimited 
jurisdiction  over  the  tribes  north  to  the  Great 
Confederacy  of  the  Iroquois,  west  as  far  as  the 

18 


Chosen  Deputy  and  Elected  Sachem       19 

crest  of  the  Alleghenies  and  south,  and  lived  at  a 
time  when  two  powerful  European  nations  and  a 
third  weaker  in  numbers  but  with  advantages  in 
her  favor  were  savagely  contending  for  the  rich 
prize  of  a  new  continent.  It  would  perhaps  be 
too  broad  to  say  that  he  was  destined  to  hold  the 
balance  of  power;  but  he  was  the  sentry  on  the 
battle  line  between  barbarism  and  civilization. 
How  long  the  conflict  between  the  Indian  and  the 
Caucasian  would  have  lasted  had  it  not  been  for 
his  mediation,  his  sterling  honesty  and  eloquent, 
persistent  counsel  for  peace  between  the  races,  can 
not  be  set  down  by  moons  or  seasons;  nor  what 
the  final  outcome  of  the  death  grapple  in  which 
Indian,  French  and  Briton  were  locked  in  the 
north  and  east  and  the  Spaniard  and  Indian  in  the 
south  and  west  would  have  been.  He  chose  to 
play  the  role  of  friend  of  the  white  man  and 
peace-maker  and  to  be  a  wise  Sachem  meant  more 
to  him  and  to  history  than  to  be  a  great  warrior. 
He  was  a  young  man  for  so  important  a  posi 
tion  in  those  days  but  he  had  the  quiet  dignity 
and  refinement  of  sentiment  and  feeling  that  dis 
tinguish  the  lofty  minded  and  had  won  the  con 
fidence  of  all.  It  was  not  long  till  the  General 
Council  of  the  Onondagas  raised  him  to  Sachem 
of  the  Shamokin  Indians  and  elected  him  Sachem 
of  the  Cayugas  as  well.  There  had  been  many 


2O  Ltogan  the  Mingo 

Sachems  of  the  Iroquois  covering  a  long  period 
of  many  generations  but  only  Logan  became  really 
famous  in  history.  Yet  of  few  other  heroes  of 
his  race  is  the  history  which  has  been  preserved 
less  complete. 

In  May  of  the  next  year  after  his  appointment 
he  and  his  oldest  brother  took  part  in  a  confer 
ence  at  Pennsboro  to  transact  important  business 
for  the  Six  Nations.  After  due  deliberation  their 
plan  was  approved  and  an  agreement  was  reached 
that  the  government  would  remove  the  whites  who 
had  settled  on  the  lands  belonging  to  his  people 
along  the  Juniata  River.  Events  were  moving 
rapidly  and  Logan  showed  himself  worthy  of  the 
authority  and  confidence  the  government  and  his 
kinsmen  had  placed  in  him.  The  provocations 
were  sometimes  great  and  the  situation  galling. 
When  he  made  complaints  to  the  government  the 
settlers  or  squatters  were  sometimes  removed  but 
would  return  as  soon  as  the  officers  of  the  law 
were  gone. 

Fortunately  during  the  next  two  years  events 
of  only  minor  importance  occurred  that  affected 
his  office  and  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  for  the 
French  and  English  were  chiefly  concerned  with 
the  growing  uneasiness  and  strife  among  them 
selves.  He  made  his  home  at  Shamokin.  His 
house  was  always  open  and  he  continued  the  hos- 


Chosen  Deputy  and  Elected  Sachem       21 

pitality  for  which  his  father's  house  had  been  so 
widely  known;  visitors  were  frequent  and  always 
welcome. 

He  made  formal  complaint  to  the  government 
in  1753  that  the  traders  were  bringing  scarcely 
anything  to  the  town  but  rum  and  flour.  Though 
the  protest  was  repeated  and  such  complaints  were 
frequently  made  they  were  not  heeded  by  the 
traders  who  were  more  interested  in  the  revenue 
they  got  from  the  sale  of  rum  than  they  were  in 
the  welfare  of  the  people  and  improvement  of  the 
town. 


CHAPTER   III 

HE  MEETS  GREAT  MEN  IN   COUNCIL 

EARLY  in  the  spring  of  1754  Logan  was  sent 
with  a  message  to  the  Six  Nations  and  to  invite 
them  to  meet  at  Albany  in  the  summer  with  the 
agents  of  the  Proprietaries  for  the  purpose  of 
purchasing  some  land  from  them.  Such  negotia 
tions  were  usually  called  making  a  treaty.  The 
preliminary  arrangements  for  the  meeting  were 
all  made  by  him  to  the  satisfaction  of  both  the 
Six  Nations  and  the  Proprietaries  and  a  great 
council  was  held  at  Albany  during  the  summer. 
The  Province  of  Pennsylvania  was  represented  by 
Governor  John  Penn,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Richard 
Peters  and  Isaac  Norris,  and  Logan  was  the 
speaker  for  the  Shamokins  and  Cayugas. 

A  treaty  was  agreed  upon  and  duly  executed. 
After  the  council  had  ended  he  sent  a  message  to 
Brother  Onas,  as  he  called  the  Governor,  in 
December  informing  the  latter  of  his  appoint 
ment  at  the  treaty  on  June  fourteenth  as  the  agent 
of  the  Six  Nations  to  care  for  their  lands  at 

22 


He  Meets  Great  Men  in  Council        23 

Wyoming  and  on  the  west  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna.  At  another  meeting  of  the  Council  with 
the  same  distinguished  men  of  the  Province  pres 
ent,  July  sixth,  for  the  design  to  purchase  all  the 
lands  from  the  Susquehanna  on  the  east  to  the 
western  boundary  of  William  Penn's  province, 
which  was  then  the  Ohio  line,  the  agents  of  the 
government  were  told  that  Shamokin  and  Wyom 
ing  would  not  be  sold.  They  reserved  these  for 
their  own  people  as  hunting  grounds  and  Logan 
was  appointed  to  take  care  of  them.  He  was 
not  to  allow  any  whites  to  settle  on  either  of  the 
two  reserved  tracts  or  on  land  contiguous  to  them 
on  the  Susquehanna.  The  negotiations  were 
finished  and  the  treaty  made  by  which  that  large 
territory  was  purchased  from  the  Indians  for  the 
insignificant  sum  of  four  hundred  pounds  sterling. 
And  on  that  memorable  July  sixth  Logan  signed 
the  deed  or  made  his  cross  as  one  of  the  Sachems 
of  the  Cayugas.  The  Governor  invited  him  by 
letter  to  be  present  the  next  summer  when  the 
surveyors  would  run  the  line  as  they  called  it  that 
was  to  separate  the  reserved  tracts  or  hunting 
grounds  from  the  settlements,  and  afterwards 
called  him  "our  good  friend  Shikellamy."  During 
this  period  of  his  life  he  was  still  known  as 
Shikellamy,  especially  when  he  acted  in  an  official 
capacity  or  signed  documents  for  the  tribes  or  the 


24  Logan  the  Mingo 

province  by  making  his  mark  in  the  form  of  a 
cross  or  letter  X. 

But  even  at  that  early  day  treaties  were  some 
times  regarded  as  mere  scraps  of  paper.  The 
treaty  was  broken  by  the  avaricious  whites  from 
farther  east  soon  after  the  Great  Council  ended 
at  Albany.  People,  chiefly  from  Connecticut,  be 
gan  to  settle  on  the  Wyoming  lands  in  the  early 
autumn  and  before  the  year  ended  Logan  sent 
a  message  to  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  and 
said,  "When  the  great  treaty  was  held  at  Albany 
this  summer,  the  Six  Nations  in  their  Council 
appointed  me  to  the  care  of  the  lands  at  Wyoming 
and  north  of  the  western  branch  of  the  Susque- 
hanna  which  they  keep  for  the  use  of  the  Indians 
who  are  daily  flocking  there  from  all  parts  and 
acquainted  the  Commission  of  Pennsylvania  in  the 
presence  of  all  people  that  I  was  their  agent : 
that  they  put  those  lands  into  my  hands;  and  that 
no  white  man  should  come  and  settle  there;  and 
ordered  me,  if  they  did,  to  complain  to  Pennsyl 
vania;  and  to  get  them  punished  and  turned  off. 
In  view  of  this  appointment  I  complain  to  Penn 
sylvania  that  some  foreigners  and  strangers  who 
live  on  the  other  side  of  New  York  and  have 
nothing  to  do  in  these  parts  are  coming  like 
flocks  of  birds  to  disturb  me  and  settle  those 
lands ;  and  I  am  told  they  have  bought  those  lands 


He  Meets  Great  Men  in  Council        25 

of  the  Six  Nations  since  I  left  Albany  and  that 
I  have  nothing  further  to  do  with  them.  I  desire 
you  to  send  to  those  people  not  to  come;  and  if 
you  do  not  prevent  it,  I  shall  be  obliged  to  com 
plain  to  the  Six  Nations."  Thus  it  happened  that 
the  treaty  was  broken  by  the  lawless  whites  before 
they  had  time  to  run  the  line  that  was  to  set  off 
the  two  relatively  small  tracts  the  Indians  had 
reserved.  The  Governor  upheld  Logan  in  his 
protest  and  promised  to  punish  the  offenders  in 
the  future. 

Conrad  Weiser  was  official  interpreter  for  the 
government.  He  also  carried  on  some  missionary 
work  among  them  and  built  a  log  house  for  Logan 
and  his  family  in  September  of  this  year  which 
has  been  called  the  first  log  house  erected  in  Sham- 
okin.  The  town  was  known  as  a  tough  place  even 
for  those  days,  Indians,  traders  and  frontiersmen 
alike — "The  very  seat  of  the  prince  of  darkness," 
"The  devil's  own  town."  The  tribes  from  the 
north  passed  through  it  over  the  much  used  War 
riors  Path  on  their  way  to  the  frequent  wars  with 
the  Catawbas  in  the  south  and  a  trail  ran  through 
it  from  east  to  west.  A  smithy  to  mend  their 
guns  and  a  mission  house  combined  had  been  put 
up  and  opened  as  far  back  as  seventeen  hundred 
forty-seven  by  Bishop  Zeisberger  with  Weiser's 
approval  and  in  spite  of  Logan's  protest  and 


26  Logan  the  Mingo 

remonstrances  against  the  sale  of  rum  by  the 
traders,  fire-water  was  abundant  and  drunken 
orgies  were  of  frequent  and  almost  nightly  occur 
rence. 


CHAPTER   IV 

A  PERIOD  OF  UNREST  AND  DISTRUST 

THE  defeat  of  the  English  under  General  Brad- 
dock  by  the  French  and  their  Indian  allies  near 
Pittsburgh  in  July,  seventeen-fifty-five,  spread  dis 
content  among  Logan's  wards  and  the  Delawares 
east  of  the  mountains  and  they  began  to  side  with 
the  French  in  the  north.  Conrad  Weiser  wrote 
in  his  diary  August  28,  1750,  that  the  Onondagas, 
Cayugas  and  Senecas  had  turned  Frenchmen  and 
with  them  some  of  the  Oneidas.  But  now  the 
unrest  became  general  and  could  not  be  allayed 
by  Logan.  He  opposed  the  plan  of  leaving  Sham- 
okin  and  was  encouraged  by  the  leading  Chiefs  of 
the  Delawares;  but  he  could  not  persuade  them  to 
remain.  In  October  a  number  of  Indians  were 
killed  at  Penn's  Creek.  His  older  brother  and 
Chief  Scarrooyady  and  in  fact  all  the  friendly 
Chiefs  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawneese  joined 
with  Logan  in  counseling  the  young  warriors  to 
remain  quiet.  At  the  same  time  they  urged  the 
Governor  to  adopt  speedy  and  energetic  plans  for 

27 


28  Logan  the  Mingo 

defending  the  colony  and  waiting  Indians.  But 
his  white  friends  engaged  in  a  parley  over  taxes 
till  it  was  too  late  to  profit  by  the  foresight  and 
wise  counsel  offered;  and  failure  to  heed  the  warn 
ing  and  advice  promptly  resulted  in  great  detri 
ment  to  the  community. 

Logan  remained  behind  but  was  mistreated  by 
the  fearful  and  over  zealous  settlers  and  also  by 
some  British  officers  to  whom  he  had  a  right  to 
look  for  protection.  Indian  scalps  were  being 
brought  in  and  threats  to  kill  him  were  made. 
Finally  he  was  persuaded  to  join  the  discontented 
tribesmen  in  the  north.  What  was  more  disquiet 
ing  to  him  was  the  attitude  of  the  Delawares  who 
decided  in  a  council  held  at  Shamokin  that  they 
would  go  to  the  French  settlement  in  the  north  and 
when  he  hesitated  to  join  them,  they  told  him  if 
he  did  not  go  they  would  look  upon  him  as  their 
enemy;  and  to  be  branded  as  an  enemy  usually 
meant  torture  or  death.  Late  in  the  autumn  he 
left  Shamokin  with  his  kindred  and  went  up  the 
north-east  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  to  Cayuga 
Lake  to  live  among  people  who  were  hostile  to  the 
English. 

When  he  got  to  the  Delaware  village  in  the 
north  he  agreed  to  go  on  the  war-path  against  the 
English  to  avenge  the  many  scalps  that  had  been 
taken  and  the  threats  against  his  own  life  before 


A  Period  of  Unrest  and  Distrust         29 

he  moved.  But  some  friendly  Indian  messengers 
met  him  and  persuaded  him  to  remain  friendly 
to  the  whites  and  he  did  not  join  them. 

It  soon  became  known  that  he  had  gone  and 
both  the  Governor  of  the  Province  and  Conrad 
Weiser  sent  messengers  after  him  with  belts  of 
wampum  to  invite  him  to  return.  He  received 
them  kindly  and  the  next  year  taking  his  wife  with 
him  he  made  a  journey  to  Bethlehem  where  he 
met  an  old  friend,  the  missionary  David  Zeis- 
berger.  He  told  Zeisberger  that  he  moved  north 
because  the  Irish  people  at  McKees  Fort  near 
Harrisburg  treated  him  badly  and  threatened  to 
kill  him  and  that  he  left  his  guns  and  all  he  had, 
even  his  clothes.  After  three  days,  on  the  fourth 
of  September,  he  resumed  his  journey  and  went 
on  to  Philadelphia  to  see  Governor  Hamilton. 
He  told  him  the  story  of  his  wrongs  and  that  he 
did  not  want  to  run  away  but  the  whites  had 
abused  him  and  threatened  to  kill  him  and  he 
was  forced  to  go.  He  showed  the  belt  of  wampum 
the  messengers  had  brought  him  to  Cayuga  Lake 
with  the  invitation  to  return  and  said  he  took  it 
as  a  reproof  for  going  away  the  fall  before  to 
live  among  enemies  in  a  wilderness  where  they 
were  likely  to  perish  for  want  of  provision.  He 
repeated  the  invitation  of  the  Governor  to  come 
back  to  Shamokin  or  to  his  own  house  or  some- 


30  Logan  the  Mlngo 

place  in  the  neighborhood  where  he  could  keep  a 
watch  over  them  and  supply  them  with  necessary 
provisions,  as  they  were  like  little  children  who 
did  not  know  what  was  for  their  own  good.  He 
told  him  further  that  they  had  repented  and  were 
sorry  they  had  run  away  when  they  should  have 
gone  to  his  house  at  Tulpehocken  for  protection 
instead;  that  they  were  deceived  by  the  Delawares 
and  lost  themselves  and  that  his  brother  was  also 
led  astray;  but  uwe  have  agreed  to  come  back  to 
Shamokin  or  to  your  house  as  soon  as  we  can 
with  safety  and  some  other  friendly  Indians  have 
promised  to  come  with  us." 

The  Governor  tried  to  compose  him  and  per 
suade  him  to  remain  at  Philadelphia  or  go  to  his 
old  home  at  Shamokin  where  a  strong  fort  was 
being  built  that  would  protect  him.  But  Logan 
feared  for  the  safety  of  his  kindred  he  had  left 
in  the  north  and  hastened  back  to  join  them. 

During  the  next  two  years  or  more  the  French 
with  their  Indian  allies  were  having  partial  suc 
cesses  in  the  Champlain  country.  But  Quebec  was 
taken  by  the  British  in  1759  and  the  situation  was 
completely  changed.  Logan  remained  in  his  cabin 
through  it  all  and  took  no  part  in  the  conflict.  He 
did  not  change  the  course  he  had  so  consistently 
followed  unless  it  was  to  become  a  more  ardent 
advocate  of  peace.  That  he  was  dissatisfied  and 


A  Period  of  Unrest  and  Distrust         31 

restless  in  the  north  he  showed  by  holding  fre 
quent  communications  with  his  old  friends  in  the 
Province  and  by  his  words  and  conduct.  After 
an  interrupted  absence  of  five  years  and  in  answer 
to  repeated  promises  of  the  protection  of  the  gov 
ernment  from  which  he  had  fled,  he  came  back 
to  Shamokin  early  in  February  of  seventeen-sixty, 
pleading  that  he  had  been  "carried  away,"  and 
was  restored  to  his  former  trust.  He  sent  a  mes 
sage  to  Conrad  Weiser  ten  days  before  he  re 
turned  informing  him  when  he  expected  to  arrive 
and  that  a  Great  Council  of  the  Chiefs  was  soon 
to  be  held  and  that  he  was  invited  to  attend  it. 
He  wished  to  confer  with  Weiser  before  he  went 
to  the  council  as  he  knew  that  the  Governor 
wanted  a  road  cut  from  the  settlements  to  Shamo 
kin,  "That  the  Indians  might  be  supplied  with 
goods  at  Shamokin  at  all  times  of  the  year  by  a 
nearer,  safer  and  more  commodious  way  than  the 
dangerous  and  roundabout  way  of  the  Susque- 
hanna  which  is  sometimes  impassable  in  summer 
and  all  the  winter  admits  of  no  transportation  of 
goods  or  provisions."  Weiser  was  sick  at  the 
time  and  not  able  to  go,  but  sent  his  son  to  meet 
him  at  Shamokin.  At  the  meeting  Logan  urged 
the  importance  of  presenting  the  road  matter  to 
the  Chiefs  at  their  assembly  and  proved  his  friend 
ship  and  loyalty  by  offering  to  bring  the  matter  to 


32  Logan  the  Mlngo 

the  attention  of  the  Onondaga  council  about  to  be 
held.  His  services  were  gladly  accepted.  He  was 
given  the  message  and  authority  and  promised  to 
use  his  persuasion  and  influence  to  have  the  road 
plan  approved.  It  will  be  noticed  that  he  prom 
ised  to  urge  by  persuasion,  which  shows  a  deep- 
seated  Indian  trait  and  a  prominent  trait  in 
Logan's  character.  They  would  listen  to  argu 
ments  and  harangues  and  to  many  speeches  for 
days  in  succession,  but  to  force  never  without 
resistance.  They  resented  it,  and  any  attempt  to 
force  an  issue  was  sure  to  bring  defeat  or  end  in 
war,  for  they  scorned  coercion. 

Conrad  Weiser  and  David  Zeisberger,  the  mis 
sionary,  had  been  frequent  visitors  at  his  home 
and  were  his  warm  friends  and  trusted  coun 
sellors.  After  the  defeat  of  the  French  at  Quebec 
the  duties  of  the  office  of  Deputy  were  changed 
and  much  more  simple  than  they  had  been  and 
his  services  as  the  "true  correspondent"  of  Penn 
sylvania  and  agent  to  negotiate  with  the  Six 
Nations  were  less  required  than  formerly.  The 
settlements  were  growing  stronger  in  influence  and 
population.  In  addition  the  end  of  the  war  be 
tween  the  French  and  English  was  in  sight.  But 
his  concern  for  the  welfare  and  behavior  of  his 
own  people  as  their  Sachem  did  not  grow  less  and 


A  Period  of  Unrest  and  Distrust         33 

his  efforts  to  bring  about  peace  and  good  will 
did  not  wane  or  fail  him. 

The  last  official  acts  and  service  as  Deputy  for 
the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  of  which  a  record 
was  made  and  preserved  is  his  attendance  at  the 
Great  Conference  at  Lancaster  in  August,  seven 
teen  hundred  sixty-two.  It  is  said  that  his  two 
only  brothers  then  living  and  several  Chiefs  of 
the  Cayugas  and  Senecas  went  with  him  on  this 
occasion.  A  treaty  was  made  between  the  gov 
ernment  and  both  the  northern  and  western  tribes 
whose  terms  were  satisfactory  to  both  parties,  the 
Indians  and  the  English,  and  hopes  for  peace  be 
tween  them  were  once  more  entertained.  From 
this  meeting  he  went  to  Philadelphia  on  an  im 
portant  mission  which  he  presented  in  person  to 
Governor  Hamilton.  He  besought  the  Governor 
to  remove  the  profane  and  profiteering  agent  at 
Shamokin  and  appealed  to  him  for  better  prices 
to  be  paid  to  the  Indians  for  their  merchandise 
which  consisted  chiefly  of  dressed  skins.  The 
appeal  was  courteously  received  and  he  was  prom 
ised  a  prompt,  due  and  proper  consideration  of 
his  request. 

It  was  June  of  the  year  following,  after  he  re 
turned  to  Shamokin,  the  scene  of  his  youth  and 
early  manhood,  that  he  promised  to  report  any 


34  Logan  the  Mingo 

approach  of  enemies  he  might  scent  or  hear  of. 
But  the  town  had  been  despoiled,  the  buildings 
such  as  they  were  mostly  torn  down,  and  the  near 
by  hunting  grounds  no  longer  furnished  his 
kindred  ample  food.  His  official  duties  were 
finished  and  he  was  now  ready  to  retire  and  move 
on  to  better  and  more  secure  hunting  grounds. 
For  sixteen  years  he  had  faithfully  and  ably  done 
the  duties  of  his  two-fold  office.  The  nature  of 
these  onerous  tasks  had  made  him  the  arbiter  of 
differences  of  opinion  in  regard  to  the  material, 
social  and  moral  well-being  of  the  two  races.  The 
government  approved  his  conduct  and  highly 
appreciated  his  services.  Superiors  in  office  and 
associates  from  the  Governor  down  held  him  in 
high  esteem  for  his  candor  and  impartial  dealing 
and  often  rewarded  and  commended  him  for  hon 
esty  and  ability.  Without  boast  he  could  say  in 
the  words  of  Black  Hawk  to  President  Andrew 
Jackson  spoken  more  than  half  a  century  later, 
"I  am  a  man  and  you  are  another." 

The  poet  Thomas  Campbell  preserves  a  beau 
tiful  tradition  in  the  romance  of  "Gertrude  of 
Wyoming,"  that  Logan  as  "Outalissi"  rescued  a 
child  in  seventeen  hundred  sixty-three  by  unbind 
ing  its  mother  from  a  tree  to  which  she  was  tied 
by  her  Indian  captors  to  be  tortured  and  burnt. 
The  father,  "a  captain  of  the  British  band,"  had 


A  Period  of  Unrest  and  Distrust        35 

just  been  killed  in  a  war  with  the  Hurons.  When 
loosed  the  mother  swooned  away,  praying  that 
her  orphan  boy  might  be  taken  to  her  kindred. 
After  a  long  and  dangerous  journey  the  mag 
nanimous  Chief, 

.  .  .  the  eagle  of  my  tribe,  have  rushed 
With  the  lorn  dove.  .  .  . 

reached  Wyoming  on  the  Susquehanna  with  the 
little  child  and  delivered  him  to  her  kindred  in 
safety. 


CHAPTER    V 

FIVE  YEARS  AMONG  THE  MOUNTAINS 

THE  year  seventeen  hundred  sixty-five  brought 
a  change  and  rest  to  Logan.  Early  in  the  sum 
mer  he  moved  to  Mifflin  County,  Pennsylvania, 
and  built  himself  a  cabin  near  Reedsville  and  hard 
by  a  limestone  spring  which  is  known  as  Logan's 
Spring  to  the  present  day.  The  site  he  chose  for 
his  new  home  was  only  a  mile  or  two  above  a 
charming  mountain  gorge  called  the  Narrows  in 
Jack's  Mountain.  Here  he  lived  in  the  midst  of 
untamed  forest  wilds  for  the  next  five  years  in 
peace  and  quiet  and  made  an  honest  living  by 
hunting  and  selling  dressed  skins,  mostly  deer 
skins.  His  conduct  and  devotion  to  industry  and 
domestic  life  during  this  brief  period  show  his 
high  sense  of  responsibility  and  justice  in  civil 
life  to  advantage  and  much  to  his  credit. 

The  religion,  philosophy  and  social  polity  of 
the  Indian  at  his  best  contained  only  the  first  prin 
ciples  of  civilization,  but  these  were  of  a  high 
order.  Their  God  was  the  potency  of  all  Nature 

36 


Five  Years  Among  the  Mountains        37 

symbolized  by  the  Great  Spirit,  Manitou.  And 
their  primitive  mind  and  concrete  imagination 
found  Deity  in  every  created  object  and  thing  and 
everywhere — in  themselves,  in  sun,  moon  and 
stars;  in  trees  and  flowers,  forest  and  stream;  in 
wind,  rain  and  storm ;  in  cloud  and  sky  and  in  all 
animal  life.  But  Logan  could  add  to  innate  rev 
erence  his  early  Moravian  Christian  training 
which  in  his  most  trying  moments  and  tragic 
deeds  never  entirely  forsook  him.  He  was  master 
of  the  dialects  of  the  various  and  many  tribes  and 
besides  could  speak  both  French  and  English  and 
was  well  equipped  for  the  position  he  filled  of 
mediator  between  the  Red  Man  and  the  pioneer. 
Within  a  year  after  he  settled  at  Reedsville 
three  Indians  stopped  one  Sunday  morning  at  the 
home  of  a  white  man  in  Raccoon  valley  which 
was  miles  away  from  Kishacoquillas  valley  where 
Logan  had  his  cabin.  They  set  up  their  guns  out 
side  of  the  house  and  went  in.  It  was  noticed  by 
the  family  that  one  of  the  visitors  could  speak 
English.  After  several  hours  of  talking  and  jab 
bering  among  themselves  and  apparently  amusing 
themselves,  one  of  the  boys  of  the  family  got  a 
Bible  and  read  two  or  three  chapters  from  the 
Book  of  Judges  about  Sampson  and  the  Philis 
tines.  The  father  observed  that  the  one  who 
could  speak  English  paid  close  attention  to  what 


3  8  Logan  the  Mingo 

was  read  and  remarked  what  a  great  benefit  Jt 
would  be  to  the  Indians  if  they  could  read.  "Oh, 
a  great  many  Indians  on  the  Mohawk  River  can 
read  the  book  that  speaks  of  God,"  was  the  reply. 
They  were  never  in  a  hurry  and  the  three  or  four 
hours  were  strenuous  ones  to  their  host.  They 
left  peaceably  and  several  days  later  the  family 
learned  that  the  one  who  could  speak  English  was 
Logan.  What  one  says  and  does  reveal  his  real 
character;  in  fact,  they  are  the  outward  signs  of 
what  is  within.  But  the  recorded  words  of  Logan 
are  not  as  many  as  one  would  wish  for,  too  few 
indeed,  because  he  could  not  write  them  down 
himself.  Yet  accounts  of  some  of  his  most  kindly 
acts  and  most  illuminating  utterances  have  been 
preserved  with  a  curious  care  and  exactness. 
Judged  by  these  he  stands  alone  among  the  re 
nowned  heroes  of  his  race ;  for  while  Nature  made 
many  Indians,  Chiefs  and  Sachems,  she  made  but 
one  Logan. 

The  following  incidents  are  connected  with  the 
next  three  years  of  his  life  while  he  lived  in  the 
forest  and  mountain  wilds  of  Mifflin  County  and 
were  printed  in  the  Pittsburgh  Daily  American  of 
March  21,  1842,  in  a  letter  written  by  Hon.  R. 
P.  Maclay  of  the  state  senate  of  Pennsylvania  to 
George  Darsie  of  the  same  body.  They  reveal 


Five  Years  Among  the  Mountains        39 

his  inner  human  nature  and  sense  of  honor  and 
a  high  standard  of  justice  and  right. 

Dear  Sir: — 

Allow  me  to  correct  a  few  inaccuracies  as  to 
place  and  names  in  the  anecdote  of  Logan,  the 
celebrated  Mingo  Chief,  as  published  in  the  Pitts 
burgh  Daily  American  of  March  seventeenth,  to 
which  you  call  my  attention.  The  person  sur 
prised  at  the  spring,  now  called  Big  Spring,  and 
about  four  miles  west  of  Logan's  Spring,  was 
William  Brown — the  first  actual  settler  in  Kisha- 
coquillas  valley  and  one  of  the  associate  judges  of 
Mifflin  County  from  its  organization  till  his  death 
at  the  age  of  ninety-one  or  two,  and  not  Samuel 
Maclay  as  stated  by  Dr.  Hildreth.  I  will  give  you 
the  anecdote  as  I  heard  it  related  by  Judge  Brown 
himself  while  on  a  visit  to  my  brother  who  then 
owned  and  occupied  the  Big  Spring  farm,  four 
miles  west  of  Reedsville: — 

"The  first  time  I  ever  saw  the  spring,"  said  the 
old  gentleman,  "my  brother,  James  Reed,  and  my 
self  had  wandered  out  of  the  valley  in  search  of 
land  and  finding  it  very  good  we  were  looking  for 
a  spring.  About  a  mile  from  this  we  started  a 
Bear  and  separated  to  get  a  shot  at  him.  I  was 
traveling  along  looking  about  on  the  rising  ground 
for  the  Bear  when  I  came  suddenly  on  the  spring; 
and  being  dry  and  more  rejoiced  to  find  so  fine  a 
spring  than  to  have  killed  a  dozen  Bears  I  set 
my  rifle  against  a  bush  and  rushed  down  the  bank 
and  laid  down  to  drink.  Upon  putting  my  head 
down  I  saw  reflected  in  the  water  on  the  opposite 


4O  Logan  the  Mingo 

side  the  shadow  of  a  tall  Indian.  I  sprang  to  my 
rifle,  when  the  Indian  gave  a  yell  whether  for 
peace  or  war  I  was  not  just  sufficiently  master 
of  my  faculties  to  determine ;  but  upon  my  seizing 
my  rifle  and  facing  him  he  knocked  up  the  pan  of 
his  gun,  threw  out  the  priming  and  extended  his 
open  palm  toward  me  in  token  of  friendship. 
After  putting  down  our  guns  we  again  met  at  the 
spring  and  shook  hands.  This  was  Logan,  the 
best  specimen  of  humanity  I  ever  met  with,  either 
white  or  red.  He  could  speak  a  little  English  and 
told  me  there  was  another  white  hunter  a  little 
way  down  the  stream  and  offered  to  guide  me  to 
his  camp.  There  I  first  met  your  father. 

"We  visited  Logan  at  his  camp  at  Logan's 
Spring  and  your  father  and  he  shot  at  a  mark  for 
a  dollar  a  shot.  Logan  lost  four  or  five  rounds 
and  acknowledged  himself  beaten.  When  we  were 
about  to  leave  him  he  went  into  his  hut  and 
brought  out  as  many  deer-skins  as  he  had  lost 
dollars  and  handed  them  to  Mr.  Maclay,  who 
refused  to  take  them  alleging  that  we  had  been 
his  guests  and  did  not  come  to  rob  him — that  the 
shooting  had  been  only  a  trial  of  skill  and  the  bet 
merely  nominal.  Logan  drew  himself  up  with 
great  dignity  and  said:  'Me  bet  to  make  you 
shoot  your  best — me  gentleman  and  me  take  your 
dollar  if  me  beat.'  So  he  was  obliged  to  take  the 
skins  or  affront  a  friend  whose  sense  of  honor 
would  not  permit  him  to  receive  even  a  horn  of 
powder  in  return. 

"The  next  year,"  said  the  old  gentleman,  C<I 
brought  my  wife  up  and  camped  under  a  big  wal- 


Five  Years  Among  the  Mountains        41 

nut  tree  on  the  bank  of  Tea  Creek  until  I  had 
built  a  cabin  near  where  the  mill  now  stands  and 
have  lived  in  the  valley  ever  since.  Poor  Logan 
(and  the  big  tears  coursed  each  other  down  his 
cheeks)  soon  went  to  the  Allegheny  and  I  never 
saw  him  again." 

The  above  narrative  was  signed  by  R.  P. 
Maclay  and  the  incidents  related  were  confirmed 
by  a  daughter  of  Judge  Brown,  Mrs.  Norris,  who 
lived  near  the  site  of  Logan's  Spring.  She  is  our 
authority  also  for  the  following  incident.  Mrs. 
Judge  Brown,  her  mother,  happened  to  speak  in 
Logan's  presence  one  day  of  her  little  girl's  need 
of  a  pair  of  shoes.  A  day  or  two  after  hearing 
this  Logan  asked  Mrs.  Brown  one  morning  if  he 
might  take  her  little  two-year-old  girl,  a  younger 
sister  of  Mrs.  Norris,  to  his  cabin  to  make  her  a 
pair  of  moccasins.  The  mother  was  surprised  and 
alarmed  by  such  a  request,  but  could  not  refuse 
to  let  him  take  her.  He  kept  the  child  all  day 
and  brought  her  back  safely  at  sunset  with  a  pair 
of  new  deerskin  moccasins  on  her  tiny  feet.  On 
another  occasion  it  is  said  he  won  the  confidence  of 
a  little  boy  while  the  father  was  away  from  home 
and  took  him  to  his  cabin,  but  returned  with  the 
child  unharmed  before  nightfall  clad  in  a  pair  of 
bright  new  moccasins. 

We  meet  Logan  again  at  Standing  Stone,  now 


42  Logan  the  Mingo 

Huntingdon,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  carved  on  a 
giant  oak  tree  a  full-length  figure  of  an  Indian 
brandishing  a  tomahawk.  It  was  probably  done 
while  making  a  friendly  visit  at  Standing  Stone 
camp,  as  it  was  not  far  away  from  Reedsville,  or 
while  on  that  melancholy  march  with  his  race  to 
wards  the  setting  sun. 


CHAPTER  VI 

SOME  CAUSES  OF  REVENGE  AND 
CRUELTY 

THE  conflict  between  the  Indian  and  the  Cau 
casian  had  been  going  on  for  more  than  two  cen 
turies  before  Logan  was  born  and  had  increased 
in  wanton  savagery  from  generation  to  genera 
tion.  The  Red  Men's  bitter  hatred  for  the 
Pale-face  and  thirst  for  his  blood  and  scalp  were 
consistent  with  their  view  and  measure  of  the  in 
justice  and  wrongs  they  had  suffered  and  were 
still  meeting  in  the  loss  of  their  ancient  hunting 
grounds  and  the  desecration  of  the  burial  places 
of  their  fathers  and  kindred.  They  believed  these 
had  been  given  to  them  by  the  Great  Spirit  for 
a  home  and  for  a  sacred  resting  place  of  their 
dead  forever.  In  the  unequal  conflict  they  had 
the  moral  advantage  of  fighting,  torturing  and 
killing  the  intruders  for  a  principle  while  their 
enemies  were  killing  and  slaughtering  them  for 
the  sake  of  plunder.  Several  centuries  that  pre 
ceded  the  dark  period  in  Logan's  life  had  seen 

43 


44  Logan  tht  Mingo 

bloodshed  and  savagery,  insatiable  cupidity  and  a 
hoggish  greed  for  gold.  How  unhuman  it  all 
seems  now;  while  the  heartless  butchery  and 
brazen  bad  faith  too  often  shown,  not  to  say 
hypocrisy  of  those  who  posed  as  the  Indian's 
friends  and  protectors,  staggers  belief.  They 
were  slain  as  savages,  and  what  wicked  crimes 
have  been  committed  under  the  disguise  of  "sav 
ages"  and  "heretics."  As  Victor  Hugo  would 
say,  "They  are  the  brutalities  of  progress." 

When  Christopher  Columbus  arrived  and  after 
he  mingled  with  the  natives  he  said,  "The  Indians 
are  not  savage,  but  gentle,  gracious,  without  know 
ing  what  evil  is,  without  stealing,  without  killing." 
Sebastian  Cabot,  Americus  Vespucius,  Ponce  de 
Leon,  Jean  Ribaut,  Laudonnier  and  Menendez — 
all  give  the  same  report  and  testimony  that  on 
their  arrival  and  first  meeting  and  intercourse  with 
the  natives  they  found  them  kind-hearted  and 
peace-loving.  And  every  school  boy  and  girl 
knows  well  the  story  of  William  Penn,  whom  the 
Indians  called  "The  Red  Man's  friend."  It  was 
after  the  Spaniards,  French  and  English  began  to 
make  slaves  of  them  by  force  and  torture  and  be 
gan  to  kill  each  other,  together  with  such  Indians 
as  had  become  friends  of  one  or  the  other  adven 
turer  or  exploring  party,  that  they  became  sus 
picious  of  all  strangers  and  foreigners  and  became 


Some  Causes  of  Revenge  and  Cruelty       45 

hostile  to  them.  The  French  incited  them  against 
the  Spaniards,  the  English  inflamed  them  against 
the  French  and  the  Spaniards  led  them  in  battle 
against  both  of  the  others.  When  Menendez, 
"By  the  Grace  of  God" ! !  killed  Ribaut  and  three 
hundred  fifty  French  Huguenots  of  his  ship 
wrecked  and  helpless  companions  without  mercy 
he  also  murdered  the  innocent  Indians  nearby, 
men,  women  and  children,  and  burned  their  village 
with  the  same  savage  barbarity. 

The  Indians  became  at  once  the  buffer  race  in 
the  wanton  conflicts  of  the  Spanish,  French  and 
English  and  were  the  greatest  sufferers  from 
every  point  of  view.  If  it  is  true  that  man  is  not 
a  working  animal  by  nature,  as  psychologists 
assure  us,  but  would  rather  fight  than  work,  it  is 
easy  to  understand  why  the  Indians  disdained 
every  attempt  to  make  them  the  toiling  slaves  of  a 
strange  and  foreign  race  whatever  the  pretext 
offered  or  hopes  held  out  to  them.  They  had 
then  an  inborn  aversion  for  the  exacting  toil  that 
civilization  imposes  as  the  price  of  human  prog 
ress  and  advancement  in  the  arts,  industry  and 
learning.  Yet  they  could  not  get  along  without 
some  kind  of  training  suited  to  their  needs.  The 
youth  who  were  to  become  the  future  brave  war 
riors,  Chiefs  and  Sachems  were  instructed  by  the 
old  men  and  Wise  men  of  the  tribes.  They  were 


46  Logan  the  Mingo 

taught  to  make  weapons  for  hunting  and  how  to 
use  them  and  instruments  for  self-protection  and 
defense.  Around  the  camp  fires  and  in  the  wig 
wams  the  story  of  their  once  happy  past  when 
they  lived  in  peace  and  security  was  rehearsed  to 
them  and  the  wrongs  they  and  their  fathers  had 
suffered  at  the  hands  of  their  enemies  were  recited 
and  repeated  to  them  over  and  over  again  till 
the  stories  became  part  of  their  lives.  It  is  human 
nature,  too,  to  magnify  injuries  and  brood  over 
them.  So  these  stories  were  passed  down  and  on 
from  one  generation  to  future  generations. 

That  the  freedom  which  they  valued  so  much 
was  becoming  less  and  less  they  knew  only  too 
well.  The  restraints  forced  upon  them  became 
more  galling  to  endure  from  father  to  son  and 
the  hatred  for  the  pale  faced  intruder  grew  deeper 
and  more  savagely  bitter  as  they  saw  their  braves 
and  their  women  and  children  falling  at  the  hands 
of  foreign  foes,  saw  their  villages  burned  and 
their  once  broad  and  undisputed  hunting  grounds 
taken  away  from  them. 

Among  the  different  tribes  the  same  opinion 
and  estimate  of  the  white  man  prevailed,  whether 
held  by  the  Iroquois,  Algonquin,  Delaware,  Shaw- 
neese  or  the  far-away  Seminoles  of  the  south  land 
whose  verdict  was  summed  up  and  tersely  ex 
pressed  in  the  phrase,  "Es-ta-had-kee,  ho-lo- 


Some  Causes  of  Revenge  and  Cruelty       47 

wa-gus,  lox-ee-o-jus," — "white  man  no  good,  lie 
heap  too  much."  It  is  a  sad  commentary  on  the 
practice  freely  indulged  in  during  those  early 
Colonial  times  that  scarcely  one  of  the  many 
treaties  made  with  the  Indians  was  fully  and  faith 
fully  kept  and  the  pledges  redeemed,  as  the 
records  of  the  Indian  Bureau  at  Washington 
show.  The  same  records  show  also  that  the 
whites  were  the  delinquents  and  aggressors  oftener 
than  the  Indians. 

Nor  is  it  less  a  reproach  to  the  intelligence  and 
morality  of  those  who  professed  to  want  to  help 
them  to  better  modes  of  living  to  know  and  re 
flect  that  the  language  and  dialects  of  the  Indians 
had  no  words  of  disrespect  for  their  deity,  the 
Great  Spirit,  and  contained  no  words  of  profanity; 
that  drunkenness  was  not  known  and  that  lying, 
cheating  and  stealing  among  themselves  were  rare 
indeed  if  not  unknown  when  the  white  man  first 
came  in  contact  with  them  and  learned  their 
speech.  Honor  and  truthfulness  were  cardinal 
virtues  to  them.  Many  of  the  snakish  vices  found 
among  them  through  their  later  tribal  history 
were  imitations  and  retalliations  which  they  had 
learned  by  sad  experience  from  their  alien  associ 
ates  and  conquerors  and  were  not  original  with 
them. 

From  the  time  the  explorers  came  in  search  of 


48  Logan  the  Mingo 

treasures  and  gold  and  later  as  the  foreigners  be 
gan  to  plant  colonies  the  conditions  were  not  con 
ducive  to  the  mutual  trust  and  confidence  between 
the  races  which  each  professed  to  be  anxious  for 
and  to  be  working  to  bring  about.  The  whites 
soon  learned  to  know  the  treacherous  and  re 
vengeful  nature  of  the  Indians  and  mistrusted 
them.  The  Indians  in  turn  were  jealous  of  the 
whites  and  looked  upon  them  as  intruders  and  not 
without  ample  reasons  mistrusted  their  motives 
for  invading  their  lands.  Underneath  the  short 
periods  of  outward  quiet  was  the  remembrance  of 
the  past.  Whatever  else  they  lacked  in  mental 
poise  and  equipment,  they  had  retentive  and  virile 
memories  and  did  not  forget  for  a  day  the  injus 
tice  they  felt  they  were  the  victims  of  nor  the 
wrongs,  real  or  fancied,  they  had  suffered.  They 
were  treacherous  and  were  becoming  more  so,  but 
not  among  themselves. 

When  the  French  assumed  to  be  their  masters 
they  were  promised  that  they  would  be  protected 
against  their  enemy,  the  English,  and  that  their 
women  and  children  would  be  safe  and  their 
homes  and  hunting  grounds  preserved.  Then  the 
English  gained  a  firm  foothold  in  the  east  and 
made  the  same  promises  and  each  gave  the  bewil 
dered  Red  Men  gifts,  guns,  ammunition  and  bar 
rels  of  rum  to  confirm  the  promises  they  made  and 


Some  Causes  of  Revenge  and  Cruelty       49 

to  assure  them  of  the  love  and  good  will  of  the 
Great  Father  as  they  called  the  King  of  each. 
But  the  wily  Indian  was  a  close  observer  and  was 
clear  enough  of  vision  and  keen  enough  in  judging 
to  suspect  that  the  ulterior  purpose  was  to  take 
their  lands  away  from  them  and  destroy  the  hunt 
ing  grounds  on  which  they  depended  for  food  and 
existence.  They  could  not  serve  two  masters  and 
deceit  and  treachery  were  forced  upon  them.  The 
effect  of  these  conditions  was  bad  and  tended  to 
debauch  them.  Chief  Custaloga  told  the  British 
officer  at  Fort  Pitt  of  their  distrust  and  fear  when 
he  said,  uWe  have,  therefore,  also  to  hope  that 
what  you  have  said  to  us  upon  this  head  comes 
from  your  hearts  and  not  with  a  design  to  amuse 
or  deceive  us." 

But  what  has  this  to  do  with  the  life  of  Logan, 
the  patriot?  the  reader  may  ask.  It  had  much  to 
do  in  shaping  the  course  he  followed  and  in  both 
molding  and  testing  his  character.  He  could  not 
belie  his  ancestral  inheritance  nor  forget  his  own 
past.  New  England  and  the  immediate  east  dealt 
more  humanely  with  the  benighted  savages  and 
did  not  incur  their  worst  hatred.  The  Moravian 
Brethren  and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  gained  their 
confidence  by  treating  them  with  such  human  kind 
ness  and  justice  that  they  became  firm  and  trusted 
friends,  learned  from  them  the  useful  ways  of 


50  Logan  the  Mingo 

peace  and  industry  and  lived  among  them  or  in 
their  own  towns  under  the  fostering  protection 
and  encouragement  of  their  benefactors  in  peace 
and  safety.  Other  bands  like  the  Six  Nations  in 
New  York  and  smaller  groups  in  places  made 
secure  for  them  by  William  Penn  became  gradu 
ally  settled  and  peaceful. 

But  the  tribes  and  remnants  of  tribes  in  the 
Ohio  country  continued  to  resist  the  advance  of 
the  frontiersmen,  scorn  the  encroachments  on 
their  broad  domains  and  fight  for  the  personal 
liberty  of  which  they  were  both  proud  and  jealous. 
The  ancient  moorings  were  giving  away  and 
though  submission  or  extinction  inevitably  awaited 
them  they  were  slow  to  see  the  danger  and  not  yet 
willing  to  accept  the  fate  which  had  already  been 
sealed.  They  hoped  against  hope  and  their  spirits 
were  still  unconquerable. 

It  was  among  these  western  tribes  that  Logan 
now  decided  to  cast  his  fortunes  and  make  his 
home  and  share  their  hopes  and  griefs.  He  was 
still  the  wise  counselor  for  peace  and  hoped 
against  all  odds  that  the  government  which  had 
protected  him  so  long  and  which  he  had  served 
so  faithfully  would  set  things  right  and  keep  the 
aggressors  out  of  the  western  country  where  they 
might  again  live  in  peace  to  themselves.  French 
and  Spanish  interests  and  influence  had  largely 


Some  Causes  of  Revenge  and  Cruelty       51 

disappeared  and  the  conflict  was  now  and  con 
tinued  to  be  between  the  unsubdued  tribes  who 
were  encouraged  by  a  few  mercenary  whites  on 
the  one  side,  and  the  frontiersmen  and  officers  of 
the  English  government  on  the  other.  The  vital 
issue  and  alternatives  that  faced  them  were 
whether  they  would  yield  to  the  advancing 
civilization  which  they  did  not  understand  and 
become  a  part  of  it  to  advance  with  it  and  like 
wise  receive  a  share  of  the  promised  benefits  and 
wealth  of  the  new  order;  or  stubbornly  choose 
the  slavery  or  extinction  that  seemed  to  await 
them. 


CHAPTER   VII 

LOGAN  MOVES  TO  THE  OHIO  COUNTRY 

WHAT  purpose  Logan  had  in  his  mind  or  what 
influences  induced  him  to  abandon  the  quiet  home 
among  the  mountains  near  a  growing  settlement 
of  friendly  pale-faces  who  trusted  him  and  appre 
ciated  his  dependable  honesty  and  character  and 
migrate  westward  to  live  among  his  own  restless 
and  war-like  people  where  life  was  less  secure, 
was  not  regarded  as  a  matter  of  sufficient  impor 
tance  to  be  made  an  item  of  record.  Was  it  on 
account  of  his  love  of  adventure,  love  of  the 
simple  life  into  which  he  had  been  born  free  from 
what  must  have  been  to  him  artificial  niceties, 
false  modesties  and  luxuries  of  the  new  mode  of 
living  that  were  thrusting  themselves  in  his  way 
with  the  added  desire  for  the  freedom  which  un 
tamed  forests  and  streams  offered?  Or  was  he 
impelled  by  love  of  his  own  rugged,  roving, 
leisure-loving  kinsmen  and  a  lingering  hope  and 
ambition  to  save  their  lands  and  homes  from  the 
spoilers  by  eventually  getting  a  boundary  line  set 

52 


Logan  Moves  to  the  Ohio  Country       53 

up  that  would  separate  the  two  races,  the  red  and 
white,  for  all  time  to  come — a  treaty  boundary 
that  would  be  respected  and  faithfully  kept  by 
both  as  inviolable?  Or  was  he  pushed  out  by  the 
new  westward-marching  empire?  Whatever  the 
causes  or  influences  may  have  been  that  brought 
him  to  a  decision,  he  moved  to  the  Allegheny 
River  region  in  1770.  The  name  Allegheny  was 
at  that  time  a  rather  indefinite  term  and  applied 
to  the  Ohio  as  well,  for  the  latter  was  but  a  con 
tinuation  of  the  former.  He  took  his  family  with 
him  and  lived  for  three  years  at  the  mouth  of 
Beaver  Creek.  He  was  visited  by  the  noted 
annalist  of  the  Indian  race,  Heckewelder,  in  his 
new  home.  McClure,  the  missionary,  visited  him 
the  next  year  after  Heckewelder's  visit  and  found 
him  under  the  influence  of  rum  and  painted  up  as 
a  warrior.  Heckewelder  visited  him  a  second 
time  two  years  after  his  first  visit.  He  explained 
and  lamented  the  difficult  if  not  impossible  task 
of  holding  the  young  men  in  check  and  from  mak 
ing  brutish  reprisals  when  under  the  influence  of 
drink.  In  the  midst  of  new  surroundings  he  was 
also  face  to  face  with  changed  relations  and  con 
ditions.  It  is  true  the  Mingoes,  Delawares  and 
Shawneese,  who  now  dwelt  north  of  the  upper 
Ohio  and  westward  to  the  Muskingum  and  Scioto, 
were  migrants  from  his  old  territorial  jurisdic- 


54  Logan  the  Mingo 

tion  in  the  Susquehanna  region  south  of  the  lands 
of  the  Great  Iroquoian  Confederacy  and  were  not 
entire  strangers  to  him;  but  the  whites  were  new. 
George  Croghan  was  interpreter  and  Deputy 
Indian  agent  for  western  Pennsylvania  and  lived 
above  Pittsburgh.  Conferences  were  frequently 
held  between  the  agent  and  officers  of  the  govern 
ment  on  the  one  side  and  groups  of  Chiefs  chosen 
from  the  different  tribes  on  the  other; — sometimes 
at  Croghan's  house  and  other  times  at  Fort  Pitt. 
But  Logan  did  not  appear  among  the  Chiefs  as 
an  ambasador.  When  he  retired  from  the  office 
of  Deputy  on  leaving  Shamokin  it  was  final  and 
he  did  not  re-enter  the  service.  Whether  this 
holding  himself  aloof  was  voluntary  on  his  part 
or  because  he  was  not  authorized  to  be  a  mediator 
can  not  be  said.  His  disposition  was  by  nature 
modest  and  retiring  and  he  did  not  mingle  with 
the  Virginians  who  claimed  all  the  lands  in  the 
Monongahela  and  Ohio  valleys,  as  he  had  associ 
ated  with  the  leaders  of  the  Province  and  fron 
tiersmen  east  of  the  mountains.  The  followers 
of  William  Penn  and  his  policy  were  trusted 
friends  of  the  children  of  the  forest;  but  the  Vir 
ginians  with  whom  he  now  had  to  deal  were 
different.  Protection  of  life  and  property  and  the 
amassing  of  more  acres  and  more  wealth  were 
still  the  chief  ends  to  be  attained.  Strife  prevailed 


Logan  Moves  to  the  Ohio  Country       55 

rather  than  friendly  concern  for  the  common  weal, 
and  the  relations  were  not  very  cordial  at  this 
time. 

His  work  as  a  peace-maker  and  counsel  as  the 
friend  of  the  white  man  were  carried  on  with  the 
tribes  in  their  Assemblies  and  through  the  Coun 
cils  of  Chiefs.  He  was  his  own  ambassador,  and 
had  to  bargain  at  longer  range  and  less  directly 
and  intimately  than  before.  The  separation  and 
recluse  position  gave  him  more  range,  perhaps, 
and  offered  greater  temptation  to  indulge  the 
fondness  for  rum  he  confessed  to  Heckewelder — 
a  weakness  which  his  father  abhorred  and  never 
indulged  in  himself  because  he  said,  "It  makes 
white  men  fools." 

After  the  war  between  the  French  and  English 
ended  in  favor  of  the  latter,  the  Indians,  who  had 
been  holding  the  balance  of  power  and  had  be 
come  vain  and  conceited  over  their  importance, 
now  found  themselves  slighted  and  neglected  and 
treated  as  so  many  wild  beasts  to  be  hunted  and 
shot  down  as  trophies  of  superior  marksmanship 
or  "for  sport,"  as  one  fully  reliable  and  well- 
informed  author  puts  it.  Whites  would  disguise 
themselves  as  Indians  and  thought  little  more  of 
killing  Red  Men  than  of  killing  bears  and  buffa 
loes;  and  the  tortures  and  death  inflicted  on  the 
whites  by  the  Indians  were  even  more  hideous  and 


56  Logan  the  Mingo 

revolting.  To  such  lengths  had  race  hatred 
driven  them  in  Logan's  time  that  mutual  distrust 
had  become  criminal  and  brutish.  The  attitude 
and  environment  were  changed  and  his  personal 
influence  was  less;  but  he  did  not  give  up  nor  did 
the  execrations  which  were  heaped  upon  his  kin 
dred  drive  him  away  from  being  a  friend  of  the 
white  man. 

Logan  went  to  Fort  Pitt  frequently  to  trade 
and  no  doubt  visited  the  savage  warrior,  Kiasutha, 
at  his  village  located  at  the  mouth  of  Squaw  Run, 
eight  miles  above  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Alle 
gheny.  But  no  mention  is  found  in  the  scanty 
chronicles  of  those  days  that  he  attended  councils 
or  joined  the  grim  warrior  in  border  raids,  though 
their  camps  were  only  fifty  miles  apart,  which  to 
the  fleet-footed  Indian  with  his  roving  habits 
could  not  be  called  distant.  He  took  no  interest, 
neither  any  share,  in  torturing  prisoners,  even 
though  they  happened  to  fall  victims  of  their  own 
cruelty.  The  traders  at  Fort  Franklin  were  not 
too  far  away  to  get  part  of  his  merchandise  and 
he  was  a  welcome  visitor  at  Custaloga  town  up 
the  old  Trail  along  French  Creek,  made  famous 
by  Washington  going  over  it  on  his  journey  to 
Fort  le  Boeuf  and  returning  in  safety.  Every 
path  and  hunter's  pass  along  the  Shenango  and 
the  adjacent  hills  and  valleys  felt  the  soft  tread 


Logan  Moves  to  the  Ohio  Country       57 

of  his  cautious  feet,  while  his  hunting  trips  carried 
him  far  a-field  into  the  Scioto  and  Miami  country. 
Three  years  after  he  had  pitched  his  camp  at 
Beaver  Creek  he  moved  his  family  farther  down 
the  river  to  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Creek  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Ohio,  three  miles  below  where 
Wellsville  now  stands.  The  town  of  Mingo  Junc 
tion,  twenty  miles  farther  down  the  river,  perpetu 
ates  the  name  of  his  tribe  and  his  memory  on  the 
strength  of  Logan  having  been  there  for  how  long 
or  how  short  a  period  no  one  knows.  The  student 
of  Indian  history  and  biography  is  hampered  by 
the  fact  that  they  had  no  written  language  of  their 
own  except  pictograph  inscriptions,  which  are 
occasionally  found,  and  the  meaning  and  import 
of  these  is  often  uncertain.  So  they  themselves 
left  no  written  records  of  great  events  or  of  the 
prowess  of  their  great  men,  heroes  or  heroines, 
told  from  their  own  viewpoint  of  life  and  its  in 
terests.  And  by  a  second  important  circumstance 
that  the  information  we  have  and  the  records 
which  were  made  at  or  near  the  time  the  events 
occurred  are  often  conflicting  and  were  in  the  case 
of  written  accounts  made  by  their  common  foes, 
chiefly  French  and  English,  and  colored  by  the 
personal  equation  of  the  self-interest  of  traders 
and  petty  officers  at  a  time  when  the  chief  concern 
of  the  invaders  of  their  lands  and  rights  was  to 


58  Logan  the  Mingo 

deprive  them  of  both  and  drive  them  out  of  the 
country  or  failing  in  that  to  exterminate  them  out 
right.  Volumes  have  been  written  by  people  of  a 
different  race  portraying  and  emphasizing  the 
treachery  and  savagery  of  the  Indians,  but  the  like 
deeds  of  those  who  were  confiscating  and  debauch 
ing  their  homes  are  scantily  told,  if  at  all,  and 
condoned,  justified  or  dismissed  on  the  question- 
begging  plea  that  they  were  savages,  blood-thirsty 
animals  that  could  talk  and  nothing  besides. 

Brief  reports  by  traders  and  missionaries  of 
the  purchase  of  pelts  and  dressed  skins  indicate 
that  Logan  still  followed  the  pursuit  of  hunting 
and  of  peacemaker  pleading  for  justice,  and  con 
tending  that  the  Indians  were  the  rightful  owners 
of  the  lands  north  of  the  Ohio.  He  scorned  ex 
tinction.  But  peace  did  not  encircle  his  new  home 
now  at  Yellow  Creek.  Early  the  next  spring 
after  his  arrival,  while  some  of  his  men  were  try 
ing  to  capture  a  horse  that  was  tethered  on  their 
ground  in  the  neighborhood,  two  were  shot  down 
by  one  Myers,  a  Virginia  land-grabber.  The 
camp  began  to  plan  revenge,  it  is  said,  and  a 
squaw,  supposed  to  have  been  Logan's  sister,  gave 
a  hint  to  the  band  of  outlaws  to  which  Myers 
belonged,  who  were  lodged  on  the  south  side  of 
the  river  at  the  time  under  the  commmand  of  the 
unscrupulous  land  thief,  Daniel  Greathouse. 


CHAPTER   VIII 

THE  MURDER  OF  LOGAN'S  FAMILY 

THE  following  day  was  the  thirtieth  of  April, 
seventeen  hundred  and  seventy-four.  It  was  also 
the  day  of  the  brutal  murder  of  Logan's  family. 
He  was  away  westward  in  Ohio  on  a  hunting  trip. 
Greathouse  invited  the  Indians  of  the  camp  to 
Baker's  tavern  across  the  river  to  be  his  guests 
for  the  day.  They  accepted  the  invitation,  which 
was  outwardly  friendly  and  apparently  sincere. 
The  next  day  a  party  from  the  camp, — one  re 
porter  says  eight,  another  nine,  a  third  ten,  and 
Heckewelder  and  Dodridge  say  twelve — crossed 
the  river  in  their  canoes  to  the  south  side  of  the 
Ohio  opposite  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Creek  to 
make  the  friendly  visit  at  Baker's,  a  rum-seller. 
They  left  their  guns  in  their  tents  as  it  was  to  be 
a  friendly  visit.  There  were  at  least  five  men, 
several  women  and  a  two-months-old  child  in  the 
party.  The  mother  of  the  infant  was  Logan's 
sister. 

When  they  arrived  the  whites  gave  them  rum. 
59 


60  Logan  the  Mingo 

Three  of  the  men  drank  freely  and  became  beastly 
drunk.  The  others  refused  to  drink,  as  it  was  a 
custom  among  the  Indians  for  one  or  more  of  a 
party  to  remain  sober.  The  sober  Indians,  one 
of  whom  was  Logan's  brother,  were  then  chal 
lenged  to  shoot  at  a  mark,  which  was  a  common 
sport  or  game  among  them.  They  all  agreed  and 
the  Indians  shot  first.  As  soon  as  they  had 
emptied  their  guns  and  were  thus  without  weapons 
or  chance  to  defend  themselves  they  were  shot 
down.  One  woman,  the  sister  of  Logan,  tried  to 
escape  by  flight,  but  was  also  shot  down.  She 
lived  long  enough,  however,  to  beg  mercy  for 
her  little  babe  and  told  them  it  was  one  of  their 
kin.  Its  life  was  spared  on  that  account.  The 
whites  had  men  in  the  cabin  prepared  with  toma 
hawks  to  kill  the  drunken  Indians  and  they  imme 
diately  set  upon  them  till  not  one  was  left  alive. 
Duvereux  Smith,  a  British  officer  at  Fort  Pitt,  in 
a  letter  to  Governor  Dunmore  of  Virginia  dated 
June  tenth,  reported  that  nine  Indians  were  killed 
by  Greathouse  and  his  men  at  Baker's.  In  the 
party  so  foully  deceived  and  slaughtered  were  the 
mother  of  Logan,  his  youngest  living  brother, 
called  John  Petty,  and  his  only  surviving  sister 
with  her  two-months-old  babe.  In  a  note  to  Cap 
tain  Cresap  several  months  later  he  calls  the  babe 
his  cousin,  which  was  the  customary  title  of  a 


The  Murder  of  Logan's  Family          61 

sister's  child  with  the  Indians.  Not  one  of  the 
party  escaped  except  the  babe,  whose  life  was 
saved  by  the  mother's  plea  of  kinship. 

From  mighty  wrongs  to  petty  perfidy, 
Have  I  not  seen  what  human  things  can  do. 

Lord  Byron 

When  Logan  returned  from  the  hunt  and  heard 
of  the  atrocious  deed,  vengeance  seized  him. 
Later  he  said,  "Logan  thought  only  of  revenge; 
Logan  will  not  weep."  And  from  that  moment 
his  gospel  read,  "Vengeance  belongeth  unto  me; 
I  will  recompense,  saith  Logan."  And  action  was 
his  Bible. 

A  short  time  before  that  fatal  last  day  of  April 
a  council  of  Chiefs  had  assembled  and  many  of 
them  were  in  favor  of  war.  In  reply  Logan 
argued,  "I  admit  that  you  have  just  cause  of  com 
plaint.  But  you  must  remember  that  you,  too, 
have  sometimes  done  wrong.  By  war  you  can 
only  harass  and  distress  the  frontier  settlements 
for  a  time  and  then  the  Virginians  will  come  like 
the  trees  in  the  woods  in  number  and  drive  you 
from  the  good  lands  you  possess,  from  the  hunt 
ing  grounds  so  dear  to  you."  His  counsel  pre 
vailed  as  usual  and  the  Chiefs  decided  against 
war.  Throughout  the  French  and  Indian  war  and 
the  conspiracy  of  Pontiac  which  followed  so 


62  Logan  the  Mingo 

closely,  he  remained  in  his  cabin  an  advocate  of 
peace.  But  wanton  killing  of  fellow  human  beings 
is  a  return  to  savagery  whether  the  color  be  red 
or  white  and  the  treacherous  slaughter  of  his 
family  without  cause  or  provocation  so  far  as  he 
could  see  or  was  personally  concerned  was  too 
much  for  his  hot  blood  and  natural  instincts  to 
bear.  He  would  not  haveT>een  an  Indian  if  he 
had  submitted  without  doing  more  than  to  make 
complaint  to  the  government  which  he  had  served 
so  long  and  well;  nor  would  he  have  been  human, 
the  great  human  that  he  was,  if  he  had  not  re 
sented  the  atrocity  with  feelings  of  vengeance  and 
with  the  most  effective  weapons  of  punishment  he 
could  use.  At  the  time  Heckewelder  last  visited 
him  he  complained  "against  the  English  for  im 
posing  liquor  upon  the  Indians;  but  otherwise 
admired  their  ingenuity;  spoke  of  gentlemen,  but 
observed  the  Indian  unfortunately  had  but  few  of 
them  as  their  neighbors."  From  the  friend  of  the 
white  man  and  advocate  of  peace  he  had  always 
been  he  was  changed  into  a  fearless,  fiendish  foe. 
Instead  of  remaining  in  his  cabin  he  went  to  war, 
not  at  the  head  of  a  great  army  of  braves,  but 
almost  alone  and  on  his  own  account;  instead  of 
making  treaties  he  made  history,  on  every  page  a 
tragedy  written  in  blood. 


CHAPTER   IX 

VALUES  PLACED  ON  HUMAN  LIFE 

IT  may  soften  the  deep  crimson  color  scheme 
of  the  picture  to  recall  some  facts  of  history  that 
are  not  quite  complimentary.  The  British  Par 
liament  passed  an  Act  in  1774  which  made  the 
Ohio  River  the  southern  and  the  Mississippi  River 
the  western  boundary  of  Canada  without  purchase 
or  payment.  This  territory  was  attached  to  Que 
bec  by  the  Act  and  placed  in  charge  of  the 
Virginians,  whose  Governor  was  Lord  Dunmore. 
England  had  at  the  time  one  hundred  and  fifty 
capital  offenses  in  her  penal  code,  from  stealing 
a  shilling,  which  at  par  equals  about  twenty-four 
cents  of  our  money,  up  or  down  as  you  choose  to 
call  it,  to  the  most  heinous  crimes,  all  punishable 
by  death.  The  "Ocean  Hells"  method,  as  they 
were  called,  of  punishment  so  fully  portrayed  in 
Russel's  "The  Prison  Ship"  was  about  to  be^ 
adopted;  it  consisted  of  confining  the  hapless  vic 
tims  in  stocks  on  board  vessels  specially  con 
structed  and  sent  out  to  sea,  where  many  were 

63 


64  Logan  the  Mingo 

starved  or  literally  flayed  alive  before  they 
reached  their  destination.  In  1722  Massachusetts 
increased  the  bounty  paid  for  Indian  scalps  from 
twelve  pounds  sterling  each  to  one  hundred 
pounds.  Pennsylvania  had  similar  laws  with  a 
graded  system  of  bounties  for  scalps  which  ranged 
from  one  hundred  fifty  Spanish  silver  dollars  for 
males  above  ten  years  of  age  and  women  slightly 
less  down  to  children  of  either  sex  at  fifty  and 
thirty  pounds  each.  As  recent  as  February  19, 
1781,  quoting  from  the  Colonial  Records  of 
Pennsylvania,  "An  order  was  drawn  in  favor  of 
Colonel  Archibald  Lochry,  Lieutenant  of  the 
County  of  Westmoreland,  for  the  sum  of  12  Ibs, 
i os  state  money,  equal  to  2,500  dollars,  Conti 
nental  money,  to  be  paid  by  him  to  Captain 
Samuel  Brady,  as  a  reward  for  an  Indian  scalp, 
agreeable  to  a  late  proclamation  of  this  board." 
The  order  was  signed  by  his  Excellency  Joseph 
Reed,  President  of  the  Executive  Council.  And 
the  Colonial  Legislature  had  passed  an  "Act  for 
giving  rewards  for  scalps"  in  1745. 

In  1777,  only  three  years  before  the  death  of 
Logan,  the  British  Commander,  Henry  Hamilton, 
at  Detroit,  made  very  tempting  offers  to  the 
Indians  of  rewards  for  the  delivery  to  him  of 
American  scalps  and  prisoners,  who  like  the  In 
dians  were  fighting  for  their  rights  and  freedom. 


Values  Placed  on  Human  Life          65 

He  told  them  he  preferred  prisoners  which  he 
called  "live  meat"  to  scalps  and  offered  One  Hun 
dred  Dollars  apiece  for  either. 

The  Indian's  code  was  scalp  for  scalp  and  a 
prisoner  additional  to  replace  every  one,  old  or 
young,  lost  by  death  or  capture  and  for  other 
offenses  tortures  of  the  most  savage  and  hideous 
kind  or  death  at  the  stake  by  burning.  It  is  well, 
too,  to  remember  that  it  was  but  a  short  span  of 
less  than  two  generations  that  separated  Logan's 
career  from  the  days  when  witch  torture  and  burn 
ing  and  other  ghoulish  atrocities  were  inflicted 
upon  innocent  and  harmless  whites  in  the  colonies 
by  people  of  their  own  color  and  blood  on  the 
silly,  savage,  superstitious  plea  that  the  victims 
did  not  believe  what  the  persecutors  professed  to 
believe.  Beastly  ferocity  was  not  a  monopoly 
with  the  natives  nor  was  it  practiced  by  them 
alone  during  any  period  since  the  advent  of  the 
white  man,  whatever  the  country  across  the  sea 
he  came  from.  Neither  was  barbaric  torture  and 
butchery  a  monopoly  of  one  race  at  any  period 
of  Logan's  life.  The  lower  in  civilization  an  in 
dividual  or  nation  is  and  the  lower  her  feeling  for 
human  fellow  beings  descends,  whatever  the  color, 
the  more  bitter  and  brutal  the  hatred. 

Half  a  dozen  years  before,  while  Logan  still 
lived  at  Reedsville,  he  was  cheated  by  a  tailor 


66  Logan  the  Mingo 

who  traded  him  bad  wheat  for  good  dressed  deer 
skins.  He  made  complaint  and  when  Judge 
Brown  decided  in  his  favor  he  replied,  "Law 
good,  makes  rogues  pay."  But  when  the  law 
failed  to  protect  his  family  the  savage  nature 
within  was  aroused  and  the  old,  old  law  of  primi 
tive  man,  "Life  for  life,  eye  for  eye,  tooth  for 
tooth,  foot  for  foot,  burning  for  burning,  wound 
for  wound,  strife  for  strife,"  was  the  only  law  and 
way  to  redress  the  wrongs  he  had  suffered  that 
he  knew  or  could  invoke.  He  had  not  taken  the 
scalp  or  the  life  of  a  white  man  before  the  time 
of  the  Yellow  Creek  tragedy  when  the  unconquer 
able  impulse  to  take  life  for  life  seized  him.  His 
course  reminds  one  of  Prince  Roland.  Besides 
this  he  had  been  taunted  often  by  his  fellow  war 
riors  and  Chiefs  for  being  a  friend  of  the  white 
man  and  had  borne  it  bravely.  It  is  grossly  unjust 
and  would  falsify  human  nature  to  suppose  that 
Logan  and  the  Red  Men  had  no  feelings  of  human 
kindness  in  their  bosoms;  and  it  would  falsify  his 
tory  to  say  they  had  no  inhuman  wrongs  to  incite 
them  to  malicious  revenge  and  that  their  savagery 
was  cold-blooded  murder  in  which  they  took 
fiendish  delight.  They  were  by  nature  lovers  of 
peace. 


CHAPTER   X 

PERSONAL  TRAITS 

LOGAN  was  now  in  the  prime  of  life,  a  fine 
specimen  of  robust  manhood  with  a  commanding 
presence,  dignified  in  bearing  and  brave  as  the 
bravest  of  the  brave.  He  was  built  in  the  style 
of  the  primeval  forest,  six  feet  two  or  more,  broad 
shouldered,  lithe  of  limb  and  alert  and  as  soft 
of  tread  as  a  tiger;  he  was  self-reliant  and  straight 
as  an  arrow.  He  is  described  as  handsome,  with 
more  than  usual  raven-trailing  locks  and  as  hav 
ing  jet-black  eyes  vigilant  as  the  eyes  of  an  eagle, 
firm-set  mouth  and  the  kindly  features  of  a  child. 
When  he  began  the  drink  habit  is  not  known.  He 
spoke  eloquently  and  often  against  the  bringing 
and  selling  of  rum  to  his  people  by  the  traders, 
but  confessed  frankly  to  Heckewelder  his  own 
fondness  for  it.  His  outburst  of  savagery  and 
thirst  for  revenge  were  not  because  he  was  an 
Indian,  but  because  he  was  human.  Not  a  drop  of 
his  blood  was  now  running  in  the  veins  of  any 
human  being,  he  said.  But  this  was  an  extrava- 

67 


68  Logan  the  Mm  go 

gance  of  speech  that  was  very  common  among  the 
Indians  and  harmless,  for  they  delighted  in  ex 
pletives  and  ornament  of  their  speech  as  well  as 
of  their  faces  and  bodies.  His  oldest  brother, 
the  father  of  Tod-kah-dohs,  who  six  years  later 
took  Logan's  life,  was  still  living  and  made  his 
home  near  Tyrone,  Pennsylvania.  He,  too,  re 
mained  a  firm  friend  of  the  white  man,  true  to  the 
admonition  of  their  father.  During  the  Revolu 
tionary  War  he  helped  the  colonist  cause  as  a 
scout  and  spy  so  loyally  that  his  services  were 
called  to  the  attention  of  General  Washington, 
from  whom  he  received  formal  mention  for  the 
aid  he  gave  to  the  patriot  cause.  He  lived  to  a 
great  age  and  died  on  the  Cornplanter  Reserva 
tion  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  after  the 
death  of  Logan.  His  youngest  brother  had  died 
at  Shamokin  before  the  father;  one  sister  died 
near  Lancaster  the  year  after  he  moved  north 
from  Shamokin  and  seven  years  later  another 
sister  was  killed  by  the  Paxton  raiders  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna  in  seventeen  hundred  sixty-three. 


CHAPTER    XI 

t 

LOGAN  TAKES  REVENGE 

WHEN  the  refugees  who  fled  from  Yellow 
Creek  arrived  at  the  Muskingum  villages  two 
days  after  the  event  with  the  report  of  the  mur 
der,  the  Mingoes,  Delawares  and  Shawneese  were 
thrown  into  excitement  but  remained  quiet  to  the 
extent  that  they  did  not  raise  the  hatchet  at  once. 
Logan  himself  made  a  vow  of  vengeance  on  the 
Long  Knife  as  the  Virginians  were  called  and  on 
traders  and  settlers  alike  and  said  he  would  take 
ten  scalps  for  each  one  of  his  murdered  kin. 
Some  of  his  camp  fled  down  the  Ohio  in  canoes 
to  their  death.  But  his  choice  of  travel  was  by 
the  land  trails  in  preference  to  the  exposure  that 
an  open  canoe  offered  on  lake  or  river,  though  it 
was  not  always  the  easier  or  quicker  way.  He 
did  not  rally  an  army  of  warriors  and  lead  them 
against  the  foes,  but  set  out  on  his  own  account 
on  foot  by  the  most  direct  route  to  cut  off  the 
traders  at  Ca-noe  Bottom  on  the  Hockhocking. 
His  course  led  westward  through  dense  forests 

69 


70  Logan  the  Mingo 

and  country  already  familiar  to  him  along  the 
highlands  and  bottom  trails  of  the  Conotten  and 
Tuscarawas  valleys,  by  Gnadenhiitten  and  the 
flint  quarries  overlooking  the  lower  Walhonding, 
down  the  Muskingum  and  across  to  his  destina 
tion.  Chief  Kiasutha  reported  to  Fort  Pitt  on  the 
ninth  of  May  that  the  Indians  down  the  Ohio  had 
remained  quiet  and  submitted  the  loss  to  the  can 
dor  and  justice  of  the  wise  men  of  the  whites. 
Chief  White  Eyes  reported  to  Captain  Smith  of 
Fort  Pitt  that  Logan  aimed  to  cut  off  the  traders, 
but  the  Shawneese  took  care  of  them,  and  he  was 
foiled  in  his  first  war  of  vengeance.  Logan 
stopped  among  his  friends  at  Wakatomica, 
"Vomit  Town,"  now  Dresden,  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Muskingum,  fourteen  miles  below  Coshoc- 
ton. 

On  the  nineteenth  of  May,  with  a  party  of  eight 
chosen  warriors  who  were  afterwards  joined  by 
four  more,  he  set  out  a  second  time  and  went  to 
the  Monongahela  River  country,  which  was 
claimed  by  Virginia  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ten 
Mile,  Dunkard  and  Muddy  creeks.  After  wait 
ing  and  watching  for  two  weeks  his  chance  came, 
on  the  sixth  of  June.  A  settler  by  the  name  of 
Spicer,  together  with  his  wife  and  six  children, 
were  killed  and  a  boy  nine  years  old  named  Wil 
liam  and  a  girl  aged  eleven  called  Betsy  were 


Logan  Takes  Revenge  71 

taken  prisoners.  The  girl  was  released,  but  the 
boy  was  kept  and  grew  up  among  the  captors. 
Two  days  later  two  men  were  killed  in  sight  of  a 
fort  on  Dunbar  Creek.  By  the  twenty-second  of 
June,  less  than  a  month's  time,  he  returned  to 
Wakatomica  with  sixteen  scalps  and  two  prison 
ers.  He  at  once  made  himself  as  renowned  in 
war,  as  he  called  it,  as  he  had  been  in  peace  and 
his  name  struck  terror  whenever  mentioned. 

His  rage  had  cooled  some  by  this  time,  but  the 
anger  of  the  tribes,  especially  the  Shawneese,  was 
increasing.  After  several  days'  respite  he  started 
on  the  war-path  the  third  time  with  a  party  of 
seven  braves  back  to  the  Monongahela  region 
near  where  he  thought  the  murderers  of  his 
family  lurked.  On  July  twelfth  Maj.  William 
Robinson  with  two  other  men  were  in  a  field  oppo 
site  the  mouth  of  Simpson  Creek  pulling  flax  and 
were  fired  on  by  Logan  and  his  party.  One  of 
the  men  by  the  name  of  Brown  was  killed  and 
the  other  two  started  to  run  away.  Logan  called 
to  them  in  English,  "Stop,  I  won't  hurt  you." 
"Yes,  you  will,"  replied  Robinson,  and  kept  on 
running.  uNo,  I  won't,"  said  Logan,  "but  if  you 
don't  stop,  by  ...  I'll  shoot  you."  Excited  by 
fear,  Robinson  kept  on  going,  but  stumbled  over 
a  log  and  fell  and  was  captured.  It  is  not  known 
with  certainty  what  became  of  the  other  com- 


72  Logan  the  Mingo 

panion.  Logan  made  himself  known  to  Robin 
son,  showed  friendliness  towards  him  and  told 
him  to  be  of  good  heart  and  go  with  them  to  their 
camp.  On  the  way  to  camp  he  told  Robinson  that 
he  would  have  to  run  the  gauntlet;  but  he  gave 
him  such  complete  instruction  and  directions  as 
they  traveled  together  that  Robinson  ran  the 
gauntlet  safely  and  reached  the  stake  without 
harm. 

When  a  prisoner  was  brought  in  he  became  the 
property  of  the  whole  tribe  or  nation  and  the 
Chiefs  decided  what  was  to  be  done  with  him. 
They  decided  that  his  punishment  should  be  tor 
ture  and  death.  The  former  consisted  usually  of 
flaying  while  bound,  gashing  with  knives  and  prod 
ding  or  searing  with  fire  brands.  He  was  tied  to 
the  stake  at  the  appointed  time  to  be  tortured 
in  the  usual  way  and  burnt  when  Logan  addressed 
the  council  of  assembled  warriors  with  such 
energy,  Robinson  said  afterwards,  that  the  saliva 
foamed  at  his  mouth.  Hostile  Chiefs  spoke  in 
opposition,  to  which  Logan  replied  and  untied  the 
prisoner.  He  was  fastened  to  the  stake  a  second 
time  and  after  a  parley  was  released  by  Logan. 
For  the  third  time  the  blood-thirsty  council  of 
Chiefs  prevailed  and  he  was  again  bound  to  the 
stake  with  his  life  in  the  balance  to  be  weighed 
by  his  captor's  mercy  and  honor.  But  Logan's 


Logan   Takes  Revenge  73 

fervent  pleading  and  impassioned  eloquence  pre 
vailed  in  the  end.  He  loosed  the  cords  which 
bound  the  prisoner  to  the  stake,  placed  a  belt  of 
wampum  around  him  as  a  mark  of  adoption  and 
introduced  a  young  warrior  to  him  saying,  "This 
is  your  cousin;  you  are  to  go  home  with  him  and 
he  will  take  care  of  you."  He  kept  faith  and  his 
promise  to  the  last  syllable  with  the  otherwise 
helpless  man.  Like  Massasoit,  he  regarded  his 
word  a  pledge  which  was  sacred  and  could  not  be 
violated. 

Three  days  after  Robinson  had  been  adopted, 
Logan  came  to  him  with  a  piece  of  paper  and 
asked  him  to  write  a  note  for  him.  Robinson 
complied  with  the  request  and  wrote  the  note  with 
suggestive  ink  made  of  gun-powder  mixed  with 
water.  Logan  dictated  the  note  and  after  re 
writing  it  several  times  it  read  as  follows: 

To  Captain  Cresap: 

What  did  you  kill  my  people  on  Yellow  Creek 
for?  The  White  People  killed  my  kin  at  Cone- 
stoga  a  great  while  ago  and  I  thought  nothing  of 
that;  but  you  killed  my  Kin  again  on  Yellow  Creek 
and  took  my  cousin  prisoner.  Then  I  thought  I 
must  kill  too;  and  I  have  been  three  times  to  War 
since ;  but  the  Indians  are  not  angry,  only  myself. 
CAPTAIN  JOHN  LOGAN. 

July  21  day,  1774. 


74  Logan  the  Mingo 

Logan  had  been  wrongly  informed  or  surmised 
falsely  and  in  either  case  probably  never  fully 
believed  otherwise  than  that  Cresap  killed  his  kin. 
But  it  was  later  proved  beyond  cavil  that  Cresap 
was  at  Wheeling  on  the  day  of  the  Yellow  Creek 
murder;  that  Cresap  did  kill  two  from  Logan's 
camp  the  next  day  as  they  were  making  their 
escape  down  the  Ohio  River  in  a  canoe  opposite 
Wheeling;  also  that  Daniel  Greathouse  and  party 
were  the  real  perpetrators  of  the  crime  and  that 
one  of  the  party  named  Sappington  killed  Logan's 
brother,  John  Petty.  Captain  Cresap  was  head 
officer  of  the  band  of  Virginians  that  was  oper 
ating  along  the  Ohio  border  with  headquarters  at 
Wheeling.  A  detachment  of  about  thirty  led  by 
Greathouse  as  their  commander  had  gone  up  the 
river  and  were  on  the  south  side  opposite  Yellow 
Creek  at  the  time.  Captain  Cresap  could  not 
therefore  be  held  responsible  for  the  deed,  or  if 
he  could  be  regarded  in  any  degree  responsible 
it  could  be  only  indirectly  so,  as  such  detached 
units  were  practically  independent  of  the  chief 
officer. 

The  Goddess  of  Vengeance  flew  on  swift  wings. 
With  the  note  to  Cresap  in  his  belt,  "savage  cir 
cumstantial  and  circumstantial  savage,"  as  one 
writer  puts  it,  he  went  on  the  warpath  again. 
This  time  with  a  party  of  a  few  chosen  braves  he 


Logan  Takes  Revenge  75 

set  out  on  a  longer  journey  to  the  Holston  and 
Clinch  Rivers  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Virginia, 
where  it  is  said  Captain  Cresap  made  his  home. 
It  was  the  long  knife  that  had  killed  his  family 
and  on  them  he  turned  loose  his  bitter  hatred 
and  savage  fury.  The  scalping  party  reached  the 
Holston  River  by  the  middle  of  September  and 
proceeded  to  further  glut  his  thirst  for  revenge. 
The  note  to  Cresap  was  found  tied  to  a  club  in 
the  house  of  John  Roberts  on  Reedy  Creek,  a 
branch  of  the  Holston.  With  it  on  the  floor  were 
found  the  bodies  of  the  whole  Roberts  family, 
who  had  been  killed,  except  one  young  boy  who 
was  carried  off  captive.  Every  circumstance  in 
the  case  pointed  to  Logan  and  his  party  as  the 
perpetrators  of  the  ghastly  deed.  By  the  middle 
of  October  the  party  had  re-crossed  the  Ohio  and 
he  brought  back  with  him  five  scalps  and  Roberts' 
little  boy  with  two  other  prisoners. 

During  their  absence  the  Delawares  had  been 
driven  from  the  Muskingum  westward  by  a  com 
pany  of  Virginians  and  were  now  located  among 
the  Shawneese  at  old  Chillicothe  on  the  Scioto 
River.  The  party  went  to  their  Delaware  friends 
at  the  new  location  by  the  Scioto.  He  had  now 
taken  thirty  scalps  and  prisoners  as  he  had  vowed 
he  would  do  five  and  a  half  months  before.  His 
thirst  for  revenge  was  satisfied.  Besides,  the 


76  Logan  the  Mingo 

tribes  had  united  under  the  leadership  of  the 
Shawneese  with  the  noted  Shawneese  Chief  Corn 
stalk  as  Captain  in  a  desperate  effort  to  destroy 
the  Long  Knives  and  had  just  returned  from  a 
decisive  defeat  at  Point  Pleasant.  The  spasm  of 
ferocious  rage  and  murderous  anger  that  had 
changed  him  into  a  savage  demon  now  left  him 
as  suddenly  as  it  had  seized  him. 

At  the  treaty  made  with  Boquet  ten  years  be 
fore,  Pennsylvania  promised  to  pay  for  lands  they 
would  purchase  or  otherwise  wrest  from  the 
Indians;  but  Virginia  neither  heeded  nor  re 
spected  the  treaty  north  of  the  Ohio.  A  land 
company  known  as  the  Ohio  Company,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Governor  of  Virginia  and  sup 
ported,  as  you  will  see,  by  the  militia,  continued 
to  locate  lands  as  it  was  called,  which  in  practice 
resembled  the  gentlemen's  agreement  we  hear 
about  in  these  days,  only  it  was  more  open  and 
boldly  defiant  of  law,  justice  and  equity  and  meant 
the  appropriation  or  taking  of  the  most  fertile 
and  desirable  lands  from  the  Indians  by  persua 
sion,  force,  murder  and  even  war  when  other 
schemes  failed. 

Logan  felt  and  suffered  for  his  race.  They 
were  treacherous  and  savage;  but  it  is  equally 
true  that  they  had  been  brutally  treated  and 
partly  made  what  they  were  by  the  avaricious 


Logan  Takes  Revenge  77 

pale-face.  The  whites  were  obsessed  with  greed 
and  the  idea  that  might  makes  right,  and  a  heart 
less  disregard  of  human  life  and  suffering  pre 
vailed.  Faithful  missionaries  condoled  and  con 
soled  them,  traders  and  the  officers  of  the 
government  were  even  buying  their  submission  to 
the  loss  of  their  hunting  grounds  and  the  outrages 
inflicted  upon  them  with  costly  presents  and  bar 
rels  of  rum.  Still  the  relations  between  them  had 
become  more  strained  from  day  to  day  for  the 
past  five  months  and  the  situation  and  hatred 
more  intense.  The  Yellow  Creek  affair  was  not 
forgotten  on  the  one  side  and  the  greedy  rush  to 
grab  off  the  best  and  choicest  possessions  con 
tinued  on  the  other.  Foreigners  were  no  longer 
safe  in  their  villages  or  secure  while  traveling 
through  their  country,  theirs,  Logan  insisted,  by 
birthright  and  by  right  of  discovery,  by  proclama 
tion  of  the  Great  Father,  king  of  England  in  the 
Quebec  Act,  and  by  treaty  agreements  as  well. 


CHAPTER  XII 

DUNMORE'S  WAR 

THE  Ohio  country  was  a  seething  pot  of  unrest 
and  the  lives  of  both  whites  and  Indians  were  in 
jeopardy  day  and  night.  War  was  the  answer  by 
Virginia.  The  conflict  is  known  in  the  history 
of  the  period  as  "Dunmore's  War,"  but  in  the 
earlier  records  it  was  sometimes  called  Logan's 
War.  The  murder  of  his  family  and  the  toll  in 
human  life  he  took  in  revenge  brought  it  on 
sooner  than  it  would  have  otherwise  come. 
Whether  the  encounter  would  have  lasted  for 
months  or  longer  instead  of  a  single  day  if  Logan 
and  Chief  Cornstalk  had  not  taken  a  firm  stand 
against  war  and  advised  peace  instead,  can  only 
be  guessed.  To  cope  with  the  situation  Governor 
Dunmore  raised  an  army  of  about  three  thousand 
troops  and  volunteers  to  check  the  uprising  or 
drive  the  Indians  out  of  that  section  if  necessary. 
General  Andrew  Lewis  was  put  in  command  of 
one  division  of  eleven  hundred  Virginians  which 
marched  down  the  Kanawa  River  to  Point  Pleas- 

'  78  : 


Dunmore's  War  79 

ant  and  encamped  in  the  triangle  formed  by  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio.  Here  they  were  surprised 
and  savagely  attacked  in  the  early  morning  of  the 
tenth  of  October  by  an  equal  number  of  Indians 
led  by  Chief  Cornstalk.  After  a  full  day  of 
fierce  fighting  to  and  fro  and  the  loss  of  Col. 
Charles  Lewis,  brother  of  the  commander,  Cols. 
Fleming  and  Field  and  seventy-five  officers  and 
men  and  one  hundred  forty  wounded,  the  Indians 
under  the  cover  of  night  took  their  dead  and 
wounded  with  them,  as  their  custom  was,  crossed 
back  over  the  Ohio  and  withdrew  to  their  towns 
on  the  Scioto. 

Dunmore  commanded  the  second  division  in 
person  by  way  of  Mingo  and  the  Ohio  River  and 
up  the  Hockhocking.  The  two  divisions  were  to 
meet  at  Camp  Charlotte,  six  miles  east  of  their 
villages,  before  making  the  attack.  When  Dun- 
more  arrived  at  the  appointed  place  two  days  after 
the  Point  Pleasant  battle  he  learned  that  Lewis 
was  encamped  only  two  miles  below  the  villages 
and,  supported  by  his  angry  soldiers>  was  deter 
mined  to  make  the  attack  alone.  With  difficulty 
and  threats  of  dismissing  him  from  his  command 
and  sending  him  home  under  guard,  Dunmore's 
firmness  won  the  day  and  the  attack  was  not 
made. 

Logan  arrived  from  the  Holston  raid  at  the 


8o  Logan  the  Mingo 

critical  moment.  The  defeated  and  foiled  war 
riors  had  returned  from  the  battle  and  the  Chiefs 
were  assembled  in  council.  From  the  reports  the 
sentinels  were  bringing  in  Dunmore  and  Lewis 
would  soon  join  their  forces.  Chief  Cornstalk 
had  advised  them  not  to  go  to  war  at  a  meeting  in 
council  before  he  led  them  into  the  battle  and  now 
counseled  with  them  to  make  peace.  Logan 
argued  for  peace  and  pled  with  them  not  to  con 
tinue  the  war.  The  Council  wisely  decided 
against  war  and  a  deputation  of  Chiefs  was  sent 
to  Dunmore  to  sue  for  peace.  The  Commander 
agreed  to  a  conference  and  runners  were  sent  out 
to  invite  all  the  Chiefs  to  attend  it  at  Camp  Char 
lotte. 

Logan  refused  to  go.  But  the  occasion  and  the 
moment  had  come  for  the  supreme  climax  in  his 
famous  career.  On  the  Pickaway  plains,  six  miles 
south  of  Circleville  and  two  and  a  half  miles  east 
of  the  Scioto  River,  on  the  bank  of  Congo  Creek 
stood  an  elm  tree  and  in  its  hoary  magnificence  it 
is  still  standing  with  a  diameter  of  seven  feet,  a 
height  of  seventy-nine  feet  and  a  spread  of  its 
branches  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet — a 
primeval  giant  full  of  years  and  fame.  It  was 
intended,  no  doubt,  to  be  a  wise  stroke  of 
diplomacy  that  led  Dunmore  to  select  Col.  John 
Gibson  to  go  as  a  special  messenger  to  invite  and 


Dunmore's  War  81 

bring  Logan  to  the  appointed  conference;  for 
Gibson  was  the  alleged  father  of  the  two-months- 
old  child  of  Logan's  sister,  whose  life  was  spared 
at  Yellow  Creek. 


CHAPTER   XIII 

LOGAN'S  FAMOUS  SPEECH 

LOGAN  refused  to  go  with  Gibson  to  the  Con 
ference  ;  but  he  proposed  that  they,  he  and  Gibson, 
take  a  walk  to  the  woods  and  talk  the  matter  over. 
At  length  they  sat  down  on  a  log  under  the  elm 
tree,  whose  fame  is  still  growing  and  which  is 
known  the  world  over  to-day  as  Logan's  Elm. 
It  was  here  that  he  made  that  famous  speech  with 
Gibson  as  his  only  known  listener  and  audience — 
one  of  the  finest  specimens  of  heart-throbbing  elo 
quence  in  the  English  language  if  not  in  any  lan 
guage.  Thus  it  happened  that  a  log  in  the 
primeval  forest  on  the  Pickaway  plains  became 
the  throne  of  justice  from  which  Logan  passed 
sentence  on  his  accusers  and  on  the  common  enemy 
who  had  inflicted  on  his  people  about  every  form 
of  punishment  and  evil  known  in  the  category  of 
pain  and  crime. 

Gibson  took  down  the  speech  as  nearly  word 
for  word  as  was  possible  and  read  it  to  the  Con 
ference  the  next  day  at  Camp  Chillicothe. 

82 


Logan's  Famous  Speech  83 

Thomas  Jefferson  says  in  his  Notes  on  Virginia 
that  Gibson  attested  its  genuineness  by  a  sworn 
affidavit  that  it  is  substantially  the  same  as  related 
in  the  Notes,  as  follows : 

I  appeal  to  any  white  man  to  say  if  ever  he 
entered  Logan's  cabin  hungry  and  I  gave  him  not 
meat;  if  ever  he  came  cold  or  naked  and  I  gave 
him  not  clothing. 

During  the  course  of  the  last  long  and  bloody 
war  Logan  remained  in  his  tent  an  advocate  for 
peace.  Nay,  such  was  my  love  for  the  whites, 
that  those  of  my  own  country  pointed  at  me  as 
they  passed  by  and  said,  "Logan  is  the  friend  of 
white  men."  I  had  even  thought  to  live  with, 
you  but  for  the  injuries  of  one  man.  Colonel 
Cresap  the  last  spring,  in  cold  blood,  and  unpro 
voked,  cut  off  all  the  relatives  of  Logan;  not 
sparing  even  my  women  and  children.  There 
runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood  in  the  veins  of  any 
human  creature.  This  called  on  me  for  revenge. 
I  have  sought  it.  I  have  killed  many.  I  have 
fully  glutted  my  vengeance.  For  my  country,  I 
rejoice  at  the  beams  of  peace.  Yet,  do  not  harbor 
the  thought  that  mine  is  the  joy  of  fear.  Logan 
never  felt  fear.  He  will  not  turn  on  his  heel  to 
save  his  life.  Who  is  there  to  mourn  for  Logan? 
Not  one. 

The  following  wording  of  the  speech  became 
popular,  but  the  variation  is  in  the  choice  of  words 
and  the  flow  of  the  sentences.  The  difference  is 


84  Logan  the  Mingo 

so  slight,  just  enough  to  amount  to  a  proof  of  the 
genuineness  of  the  above : 

I  appeal  to  any  white  man  to  say  that  he  ever 
entered  Logan's  cabin,  but  I  gave  him  meat;  that 
he  ever  came  naked,  but  I  clothed  him. 

In  the  course  of  the  last  war,  Logan  remained 
in  his  cabin  an  advocate  of  peace.  I  had  such 
affection  for  the  white  people  that  I  was  pointed 
at  by  the  rest  of  my  nation.  I  should  have  ever 
lived  with  them  had  it  not  been  for  Colonel 
Cresap  who  last  year  cut  off,  in  cold  blood,  all 
the  relations  of  Logan,  not  sparing  my  women 
and  children.  There  runs  not  a  drop  of  my  blood 
in  the  veins  of  any  human  creature.  This  called 
upon  me  for  revenge.  I  have  sought  it.  I  have 
killed  many,  and  fully  glutted  my  revenge.  I  am 
glad  there  is  a  prospect  of  peace  on  account  of  the 
nation;  but  I  beg  you  will  not  entertain  a  thought 
that  anything  I  have  said  proceeds  from  fear. 
Logan  disdains  the  thought.  He  will  not  turn 
on  his  heel  to  save  his  life.  Who  is  there  to 
mourn  for  Logan?  No  one.  . 

This  simple,  dispassionate  utterance  and  cry  in 
words  blood-winged  and  eloquent  gushed  up  from 
the  heart  of  his  race  and  made  the  name  of  Logan 
immortal.  It  is  the  key  to  his  real  greatness  of 
soul.  If  this  speech,  at  once  bold,  lofty  and  sub 
lime,  had  not  been  faithfully  recorded  and  pre 
served  his  oblivion  might  have  been  as  complete 
and  as  much  to  be  regretted  as  the  silence  under 


Logan's  Famous  Speech  85 

which  the  names  of  many  able  Chiefs  and  Wise 
Men  have  been  smothered  and  lost  to  history. 
Jefferson  justly  challenges  Cicero,  Demosthenes, 
European  and  American  statesmen  to  surpass  it. 
The  appeal  is  based  on  facts  and  on  the  lofty 
sentiments  of  a  common  humanity.  Its  tribute 
to  justice  and  the  brotherhood  of  man  is  real  and 
fervent.  Like  Patrick  Henry  before  the  Virginia 
Convention  and  Lincoln's  immortal  speech  at 
Gettysburg,  there  is  an  undertone  of  hope  in  it 
and  a  permeating  note  of  sadness.  It  was  recited 
in  the  schools  throughout  the  colonies  and  new 
nation  and  became  a  model  of  eloquence  for 
American  schoolboys.  It  was  copied  in  England 
and  translated  into  French  and  German  and  other 
European  literatures  as  a  specimen  of  classic 
oratory  as  lasting  as  literature  and  as  imperish 
able  as  the  name  Indian;  and  the  hearts  of  two 
continents  vibrated  in  rhythmic  cadence  and  sym 
pathy  to  the  beat  of  Logan's  throbbing  pulse. 

The  Point  Pleasant  battle  had  decided  the  con 
flict  and  peace  was  declared  at  the  Conference  at 
Camp  Charlotte.  The  provisions  of  the  treaty 
stated  that  the  Indians  were  to  return  all  white 
prisoners,  horses  and  property  in  their  possession; 
that  they  agree  never  to  make  war  again  upon  the 
Virginia  border  and  not  to  cross  the  Ohio  River 
into  Virginia  for  any  purpose  except  to  trade. 


86  Logan  the  Mingo 

These  pledges  were  to  be  secured  by  hostages  who 
were  to  be  taken  to  Pittsburgh  and  held  there 
until  the  Virginians  were  satisfied  that  the  prom 
ises  would  be  fulfilled.  As  usual,  neither  party 
kept  either  the  letter  or  the  spirit  of  the  agree 
ment.  The  Mingoes  held  aloof  because  they  did 
not  believe  that  a  prospect  of  peace  was  yet  in 
sight.  But  the  treaty  was  signed  and  was  a  fitting 
climax  to  Logan's  life  and  to  what  proved  to  be 
the  last  great  clash  in  the  Ohio  country  between 
the  Indians  and  the  English,  unless  one  chooses  to 
call  Tecumseh's  Confederacy  of  the  eighteen- 
twelve  period  an  Indian  war.  But  strictly  speak 
ing,  that  war  was  as  much  British  as  it  was  Indian. 
The  Chiefs  returned  from  the  Conference  to  their 
towns  and  on  the  last  day  of  October  Dunmore 
started  back  with  his  army  to  Williamsburg,  the 
capital  of  the  Virginia  colony;  they  carried  with 
them  Logan's  speech,  which  became  the  topic  of 
talk  on  everybody's  tongue.  In  their  eyes  he  was 
the  hero  of  the  day.  Schoolcraft  says:  "The  im 
pression  was  widespread  and  effect  electric.  A 
heart  capable  of  expressing  such  sentiments  was 
worthy  to  beat  in  the  noblest  bosom  of  the  human 


race." 


CHAPTER  XIV 

YEARS  OF  UNCERTAINTY 

THERE  were  many  depredations  and  crimes 
committed  on  each  side,  red  and  white,  within 
the  compass  of  the  thirty-odd  years  of  Logan's 
active  period  and  great  conferences  held  that  can 
not  be  told  or  described  here — clashes  that  were 
prodigal  of  human  life  and  property  and  accom 
panied  by  daring  exploits,  suffering  and  torture. 
Events  that  are  not  in  some  vital  way  connected 
with  his  personal  conduct,  public  or  private,  and 
such  incidents  as  did  not  influence  the  course  he 
was  following  in  his  attitude  towards  his  fellow- 
men  and  the  government  have  been  purposely 
omitted  for  what  seems  a  good  and  sufficient  rea 
son.  They  would  carry  the  simple  story  of  his 
life  too  far  out  into  the  history  of  the  stirring 
times  in  which  he  lived  and  into  regions  too  re 
mote  from  the  scenes  of  his  activities.  Some  of 
the  events  and  exploits  are  highly  important  in 
themselves  and  in  relation  to  the  larger  scope  of 
history  and  thrill  with  interest  and  excitement; 

87 


88  Logan  the  Mingo 

for  Logan  lived  in  the  fresh  growing  morning  of 
American  history.  If  he  had  been  able  to  write 
the  English  language  as  well  and  plainly  as  he 
spoke  it  and  even  no  better,  and  had  left  notes  or 
a  diary  of  his  travels,  transactions  and  quiet  vic 
tories,  the  story  of  his  life  would,  no  doubt,  be 
longer  and  the  role  he  played  could  be  more 
graphically  told. 

Doubtless  there  are  humorous  episodes  that 
provoked  merriment  and  laughable  situations  to 
free  himself  from,  for  he  did  not  want  in  the 
faculty  that  perceives  the  ludicrous.  But  they 
were  not  preserved  with  enough  completeness  or 
reliability  of  the  traditions  to  warrant  repetition. 
He  took  life  in  earnest  and  its  experiences  were 
too  serious  and  real  for  jest  or  ridicule. 

In  four  and  a  half  years  he  moved  half  as  many 
hundred  miles  westward  as  the  airplane  flies  and 
had  not  found  a  spot  that  promised  to  be  secure 
or  permanent  as  a  home.  The  defeat  and  total 
collapse  of  Pontiac's  Conspiracy  five  years  before 
he  arrived  on  the  Allegheny  left  turmoil  and 
ruined  villages  in  the  wake.  The  survivors  of  the 
lost  cause  in  western  Pennsylvania  and  the  adjoin 
ing  region  in  Ohio  withdrew  to  the  middle  and 
western  parts  of  what  is  now  the  Buckeye  State, 
where  they  set  to  work  to  recruit  their  depleted 
ranks  and  rally  their  spirits.  Here  lived  a  motley 


Years  of  Uncertainty  89 

population  side  by  side,  Mingoes,  Miamis,  Dela- 
wares,  Shawneese,  Ottawas,  Twigtwees,  Wyan- 
dots,  and  remnants  and  refugees  of  other  tribes. 
These  were  favorite  hunting  grounds  teeming 
with  fish  and  game  and  had  been  the  dwelling 
place  of  successive  nations  and  tribes  for  cen 
turies,  as  is  proved  by  the  numerous  village  sites, 
mounds,  effigies,  forts  and  ruins  which  still  dot 
the  valleys  and  hilltops. 

But  now  this  favorite  refuge  and  land  of  plenty 
was  thrown  into  alarm  and  uncertainty  by  the 
defeat  of  Cornstalk  and  his  chosen  army  and  the 
treaty  they  were  forced  to  accept.  It  was  among 
this  medley  of  tribes  and  remnants  that  Logan 
was  to  live  and  once  more  try  to  set  up  his  ideal 
democracy  that  would  include  both  races  where 
they  might  live  together  in  peace  and  safety — a 
truly  American  ideal.  He  saw  the  Constitution 
framed  which  guarantees  the  rights  and  liberties 
of  his  dream,  but  did  not  live  long  enough  to  see 
it  adopted  and  put  to  work  in  shaping  the  republic 
of  which  he  was  a  part  by  sentiment  and  lifelong 
service. 

The  frontier  line  at  this  time  ran  from  Lake 
Erie  on  the  north  down  across  eastern  Ohio,  Vir 
ginia,  Kentucky  to  Tennessee  and  was  firmly  and 
surely  pushing  toward  the  setting  sun  with  slaugh 
ter  and  blood  in  its  sweep.  On  the  line  were  the 


90  Logan  the  Mingo 

brave  pioneers  and  the  daring  ranger,  scout  and 
Indian  fighter  all  in  one,  Samuel  Brady  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  Simon  Kenton  in  Ohio  and  Daniel 
Boone  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  was  waiting 
for  David  Crockett  to  be  born.  The  daring  deeds 
and  noble  achievements  of  these  heroic  men  have 
been  already  written  and  preserved;  comrades  in 
purpose  and  bravery  and  each  defending  a  section 
of  the  long  stretch  of  frontier.  But  the  name  of 
Kenton  is  the  only  one  of  the  group  that  is 
directly  associated  with  Logan;  and  his  rescue 
from  a  mob  of  blood-thirsty  Chiefs  by  the  peace 
maker  Sachem  was  as  brave  and  timely  as  it  was 
humane  and  daring. 

Logan  faced  the  facts  squarely.  But  it  would 
not  give  due  credit  to  his  intelligence  and  usual 
good  judgment  to  say  he  did  not  begin  to  see  and 
realize  that  the  vision  of  peace  he  had  and 
thought  fair  and  proper  was  not  likely  to  come 
true,  at  least  not  soon.  With  the  aid  and  coopera 
tion  of  powerful  Chiefs  he  had  on  different 
occasions  failed  to  keep  his  own  wild,  treacher 
ously  savage  people  from  making  war,  breaking 
treaties  and  committing  frequent  outrages,  and 
he  had  not  restrained  himself  from  rash  slaughter 
of  unprotected  whites.  Sincere  and  complete 
surrender  of  all  the  tribes  to  some  one  or  to  any 


Years  of  Uncertainty  91 

responsible  authority  was  as  chimerical  as  it  was 
impossible.  They  were  not  fit  for  such  organiza 
tion  or  able  to  live  in  it,  and  peace  was  not  pos 
sible  on  any  other  terms;  and  his  dream  did  not 
provide  for  complete  and  unconditional  submis 
sion. 

His  cabin  at  Old  Chillicothe,  now  Westfall,  on 
the  banks  of  the  peaceful  Scioto,  looked  towards 
the  rising  sun,  the  beautiful  and  fertile  Pickaway 
plains  and  the  yet-to-be-memorable  Elm  tree.  But 
he  did  not  tarry  there  long.  They  were  dislodged 
from  the  Muskingum  valley  and  the  treaty  just 
made  with  Dunmore  was  about  to  push  them  out 
of  the  lower  Scioto  towards  the  northwest.  He 
moved  to  Pluggy's  town,  a  village  named  after 
Pluggy,  a  Chief  of  the  Mohawks,  eighteen  miles 
north  of  the  present  site  of  Columbus.  It  was  on 
a  summer  day,  the  twenty-fifth  of  July  of  the  fol 
lowing  year,  that  Captain  Wood  and  an  interpre 
ter  were  on  their  way  to  invite  the  tribes  to  a  con 
ference  at  Pittsburgh  and  came  upon  Logan  and 
several  other  Indians  who  were  under  the  influ 
ence  of  liquor.  Wood  and  his  companion  were 
at  the  mercy  of  the  savages,  who  were  flushed 
with  rum  and  hatred.  Logan  interceded  in  their 
behalf  with  the  assuring  words,  "You  shall  not  be 
hurt,"  and  they  were  not  molested. 


92  Logan  the  Mingo 

The  tribes  and  remnants  had  been  reduced  in 
numbers  and  were  restless.  They  had  been 
smothering  and  covering  up  their  hatred  as  only 
Indians  know  how  to  do,  but  it  was  not  abated. 
The  English  were  equally  uneasy,  for  the  beacon- 
light  had  swung  from  the  Old  North  Church 
tower  and  blood  had  flowed  on  Lexington  Com 
mon.  The  year  the  war  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion  began  Logan  apologized  for  the  conduct  of 
his  people,  but  remained  neutral  and  pleaded  for 
peace.  He  said,  "We  hear  bad  news.  Some  of 
us  are  constantly  threatened.  We  are  informed 
that  a  great  reward  is  offered  to  any  person  who 
will  take  or  entice  either  of  us  to  Pittsburgh, 
where  we  are  to  be  hung  up  like  dogs  by  the  Long 
Knife.  This  being  true,  how  can  we  think  of 
what  is  good?  That  it  is  true,  we  have  no  doubt." 

He  attended  a  meeting  of  the  tribes  twelve 
months  later  and  again  counseled  for  peace  as 
usual  and  went  farther  up  the  Scioto  into  the 
Wyandot  country.  The  "Aged  Indian"  of  Mrs. 
Hemans  was  probably  Logan.  If  he  alone  was 
not  the  hero  of  this  touching,  sad  song,  the  fol 
lowing  lines  give  a  true  and  real  picture  of  his 
care-worn  and  grief-broken  spirit : — 

Warriors!  my  noon  of  life  is  past, 
The  brightness  of  my  spirit  flown; 
I  crouch  before  the  wintry  blast; 


Years  of  Uncertainty  93 

Amidst  my  tribe  I  dwell  alone; 
The  heroes  of  my  youth  are  fled, 
They  rest  among  the  warrior  dead. 

They  were  yielding  to  the  inexorable.  Their 
fate  had  been  foreshadowed  and  their  destiny 
determined  and  written  when  the  Caucasian  first 
arrived  on  the  fair  and  inviting  shores  of  the 
western  world.  Such  has  been  the  fate  of  other 
primitive  races  through  the  course  of  human  his 
tory.  If  their  traditions  contained  stories  of 
other  aboriginal  peoples  who  successfully  opposed 
and  scorned  the  advance  of  civilization  or  of  new 
ideals  of  life  they  did  not  recite  them  to  strangers 
who  came  to  live  among  them  or  to  conquer  them, 
and  did  not  heed  the  warning  and  handwriting  on 
the  wall.  The  law  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest  is 
written  in  blood.  Yet  it  is  remarkable  that  the 
ideal  of  a  democracy  should  emanate  from  the 
brain  of  an  Indian  and  that  its  fundamental  idea, 
— "that  all  men  are  created  equal  and  endowed  by 
their  Creator  with  certain  unalienable  rights; 
that  among  these  are  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit 
of  happiness," — became  the  basic  principle  of  the 
Declaration  of  American  Independence. 

Bereft  of  kin,  Logan  wandered  among  the 
tribes  a  broken  man.  According  to  the  tradition 
already  alluded  to,  in  July  of  seventeen  hundred 
seventy-eight  the  aged  Outalissi,  "desolate  and 


94  Logan  the  Mingo 

famished  poor,"  stole  back  to  Wyoming  on  the 
Susquehanna  to  clasp  in  a  last  embrace  the  boy, 
"It  is  my  own,"  now  grown  to  brawny  manhood, 
whom  he  saved  from  an  uncertain  and  perhaps 
barbaric  fate  fifteen  years  before.  It  was  on  the 
eve  of  the  Wyoming  Massacre  of  July  third, 
seventeen  hundred  seventy-eight,  when  he  arrived, 
just  in  time  to  sound  the  alarm  of  the  impending 
doom: 

The    Mammoth    comes — the    foe — the    monster 

Brandt 
With  all  his  howling  desolating  band. 

Gainst  Brandt  himself  I  went  to  battle  forth: 
Accursed  Brandt,  he  left  of  all  my  tribe 
Nor  man,  nor  child,  nor  thing  of  living  birth: 
No,    not   the    dog   that   watched   my   household 

hearth, 

Escaped  that  night  of  blood  upon  our  plains; 
All  perished — I  alone  am  left  on  earth 
To  whom  nor  relative  nor  blood  remains, 
No — not  a  kindred  drop  that  runs  in  human  veins. 

Logan  made  his  famous  speech  four  years  be 
fore  the  massacre  at  Wyoming.  Campbell's 
poems  were  published  in  1809,  after  the  speech 
had  become  known  in  England  and  the  truthful 
ness  of  the  tradition  of  this  visit  is  not  only  pos- 


Years  of  Uncertainty  95 

sible  but  very  highly  probable.  It  was  the  custom 
grown  sacred  through  centuries  of  usage  to  visit 
the  burial  places  of  their  kin  at  certain  seasons 
and  if  far  away  at  longer  intervals.  Moreover, 
the  poet  was  a  contemporary  of  Thomas  Jeffer 
son,  who  said  confidently  that  Logan  was  the  hero 
of  the  romance.  Both  the  thought  and  the  lan 
guage  put  into  the  mouth  of  Outalissi  on  the 
occasion  betray  the  source  of  the  poet's  inspira 
tion. 

In  the  autumn  of  this  year  of  seventy-eight, 
Simon  Kenton,  the  brave  scout  and  companion  of 
Daniel  Boone,  was  caught  stealing  horses,  if  one 
could  call  it  stealing,  as  he  was  taking  from  hos 
tile  Indians  only  such  horses  as  they  had  stolen 
from  the  frontiersmen.  He  was  condemned  for 
the  deed  by  a  council  of  Chiefs,  forced  to  run  the 
gauntlet  and  was  tied  to  the  stake.  The  infamous 
renegade  Simon  Girty  released  him.  He  was  tried 
again  and  condemned,  but  this  time  he  was  de 
serted  by  the  turncoat  Girty  and  left  to  his  fate. 
The  prisoner  was  then  lodged  with  Logan  for 
safe  keeping  until  he  would  be  led  away  to  tor 
ture.  "These  chaps  seem  very  angry  with  you," 
said  Logan,  "but  be  strong.  I  am  a  great  Chief. 
They  talk  of  taking  you  to  Sandusky  and  burning 
you  there.  I  will  send  messengers  to  speak  good 


g6  Logan  the  Mingo 

for  you."  He  sent  two  messengers  to  Sandusky 
and  held  the  angry  Indians  in  check  while  the 
runners  made  the  journey,  and  with  great  difficulty 
got  Kenton  released.  He  was  taken  to  Detroit 
and  held  a  prisoner  till  he  managed  to  escape  in 
June  of  the  next  year  and  return  to  his  home, 
which  was  then  in  Kentucky. 

The  following  year  he  adopted  a  white  woman 
into  his  family  as  his  sister,  Heckewelder  says,  to 
take  the  place  of  the  sister  who  was  killed  at 
Yellow  Creek  five  years  before.  During  the  re 
maining  year  of  his  life  he  made  his  home  with 
the  remnant  of  the  band  of  Mingoes  at  Seneca  on 
the  Sandusky  River.  He  continued  to  be  friendly 
towards  the  English,  notwithstanding  his  roving 
from  place  to  place  and  indulging  too  freely  in 
strong  drink.  In  his  disappointment  and  distress 
he  turned  to  rum  for  comfort  as  many  vigorous 
men  have  done  since  his  day.  The  uncertainty 
and  unrest  that  belong  to  a  period  of  bitter 
hatred,  strife  and  warfare  did  not  change  his  pur 
pose  of  maintaining  a  strict  neutrality  towards 
the  tribes  nor  modify  the  inborn  principle  and 
standard  of  right  and  his  love  of  peace  and  justice 
for  all,  friend  and  foe.  The  loss  of  his  kin  he 
had  treated  as  a  personal  or  individual  grievance 
and  with  a  few  chosen  companions,  a  mere  hand 
ful,  he  had  taken  personal  revenge.  He  was  not 


Years  of  Uncertainty  97 

a  Chief  who  delighted  to  lead  hosts  forth  in 
battle,  but  a  wise  Sachem  who  strove  to  guide  and 
govern  his  people  and  who  toiled  unceasingly  to 
lead  and  protect  them. 


CHAPTER   XV 

FAVORS  THE  BRITISH  CAUSE— 
A  CONFESSION 

ENGLAND  had  now  been  at  war  with  the 
American  colonies  for  four  years.  Whether  it 
was  on  account  of  his  former  allegiance  to  the 
Great  Father  and  his  appointment  to  office  as  his 
father's  successor  at  Shamokin,  or  because  the 
hated  Virginians  stood  in  his  mind  and  by  his  way 
of  reckoning  for  all  Americans,  cannot  be  decided 
after  so  long  a  lapse  of  time  with  no  record  to 
show  his  feelings  in  the  matter.  But  Logan  came 
under  the  influence  of  the  Shawneese,  who  were 
avowed  and  resolute  enemies  of  the  Virginians, 
and  allied  himself  actively  on  the  side  of  the 
British  the  last  year  of  his  life.  However  true 
it  may  be,  it  is  said  he  led  a  scouting  party  back 
to  the  Holston  River,  the  alleged  home  of  his 
accused  and  hated  personal  enemy,  in  seventy-nine 
and  brought  out  a  number  of  prisoners. 

The  next  year  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  he  joined 
a  force  that  was  sent  from  Detroit  down  into 

98 


Favors  the  British  Cause — a  Confession       99 

Kentucky  under  the  command  of  Captain  Henry 
Bird.  This  little  army  of  raiders  was  made  up 
of  Canadian  volunteers,  some  regulars  of  the 
British  army  and  Indians  who  sympathized  with 
the  British  cause  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  which 
was  still  in  progress  with  the  issue  undecided  and 
the  odds  in  favor  of  the  British.  The  Settlements 
at  Ruddell's  and  Martin's  stations  were  taken  and 
many  prisoners  were  brought  back  across  the 
Ohio  river.  Logan  chatted  freely  with  the  unfor 
tunate  captives  on  the  way.  Among  the  prisoners 
was  John  Dunkin.  He  and  Logan  became  friends 
on  the  journey  and  it  was  to  Dunkin  that  he  re 
vealed  the  inner  conflict  and  contradictory  work 
ings  of  his  troubled  conscience,  brave  heart  and 
thoroughly  human  nature.  He  said  to  Dunkin, 
"I  know  that  I  have  two  souls,  the  one  good,  and 
the  other  bad.  When  the  good  has  the  ascendant 
I  am  kind  and  humane.  When  the  bad  soul  rules 
I  am  perfectly  savage  and  delight  in  nothing  but 
blood  and  carnage." 


CHAPTER   XVI 

THE  END 

AFTER  he  returned  from  the  Kentucky  raid  he 
went  to  a  council  of  Chiefs  at  Detroit  in  autumn. 
He  became  melancholy  at  times  in  later  years  and 
as  the  end  of  days  drew  near  sometimes  delirious. 
During  the  progress  of  the  conference  Logan  in  a 
passion,  probably  crazed  by  drink,  struck  his  wife 
and  felled  her  by  what  seemed  at  first  a  fatal 
blow.  He  fled  from  her  relatives  and  took  the 
well-worn  trail  leading  towards  his  home  on  the 
Sandusky.  He  was  overtaken  by  a  band  of 
Indians  with  their  women  and  children  at  a  noted 
camping  place  near  Brownsville,  one  writer  says. 
His  nephew,  Tod-kah-dohs,  was  one  of  the  party. 
It  is  almost  certain  that  Logan  was  mistaken  and 
judged  wrongly  when  he  suspected  them  of  pur 
suing  him  to  punish  him  for  striking  his  wife.  He 
shouted  defiantly  that  he  would  scalp  the  whole 
party.  His  nephew  knew  well  his  alertness  and 
that  the  only  escape  was  to  strike  first;  and  as 
Logan  was  leaping  from  his  horse  Tod-kah-dohs 

100 


LOGAN    MONUMENT,    AUBURN,    NEW    YORK 


The  End  101 

shot  him.  The  next  morning  some  Wyandots 
went  out  a  distance  of  two  miles  and  brought  in 
the  body  and  buried  it. 

According  to  another  account  of  his  death 
which  is  more  frequently  repeated,  he  was  killed 
on  the  way  while  making  the  same  journey  from 
Detroit  to  the  upper  Sandusky.  He  had  a  quarrel 
with  his  nephew  and  while  he  was  sitting  by  his 
camp  fire  with  his  elbows  on  his  knees  and  his  face 
between  his  hands  in  deep  meditation,  Tod-kah- 
dohs  stole  up  behind  him  and  tomahawked  him. 
Whichever  may  have  been  the  exact  manner  of 
his  death,  on  Tod-kah-dohs  rests  the  charge  and 
crime  of  Logan's  death.  Both  the  exact  date  and 
place  are  lost  to  history.  And  there  in  the  silent 
autumn  woods  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie  the 
darkness  closed  around  him  and  the  primeval 
forests  which  he  loved  so  well  began  to  sing 
requiems  over  the  lonely  spot. 


CHAPTER   XVII 

TRIBUTES— IN  SONG  AND  STORY 

THUS  passed  Logan.  His  passions  were  naked 
and  furious  when  fully  aroused,  but  his  sorrow 
was  deep  and  real.  His  character  was  unique  and 
survived  as  no  mean  benefaction  to  the  future  to 
become  the  common  possession  of  mankind. 

A  soul  that  pity  touched,  but  never  shook; 
Trained  from  his  tree-rocked  cradle  to  his  bier 
The  fierce  extreme  of  good  and  ill  to  brook 
Impassive — fearing  but  the  shame  of  fear — 
A  stoic  of  the  woods — a  man  without  a  tear. 
Yet  deem  not  goodness  on  the  savage  stock 
Of  Outalissi's  heart  disdained  to  grow. 

Joseph  Dodridge  dramatized  him  in  a  four-act 
piece  which  was  very  popular  in  the  thirties  and 
forties,  fifty  years  after  his  death,  and  his  name 
and  fame  were  echoed  in  musical  comedy  and  cur 
rent  literature  and  sung  in  such  tributes  as  Can 
ning's  "The  Shades  of  Logan."  In  fiction,  as 
Ellis'  "Logan,  the  Mingo,"  written  for  children, 

102 


Tributes — in  Song  and  Story  103 

where  the  author  gives  free  rein  to  the  imagina 
tion,  he  is  eulogized  as  the  man  who  "Spoke  with 
a  single  tongue," — brave  and  honest  and  as  fleet 
as  a  deer.  Whether  we  meet  him  in  history, 
official  records,  in  poetry  or  fiction  or  in  the  plain 
annals  and  traditions  of  every-day  life  he  is  sin 
cere  and  trustworthy  and  the  brave  champion  of 
personal  freedom,  right  and  justice — the  Patriot 
and  true  American. 

I  shrink  from  the  task  of  recording  and  verify 
ing  the  origin  of  the  names  of  counties,  towns  and 
villages;  of  streets  and  mills;  of  creeks,  fords  and 
ports,  the  hills,  rocks  and  rills  that  bear  the  name 
Logan,  many  of  which  were  named  after  him  and 
in  his  honor.  No  other  Indian  called  forth  so 
much  verse  and  eulogy  and  left  a  name  and  fame 
impressed  on  so  many  nations  as  Logan. 

In  eighteen  hundred  fifty-two,  almost  three 
quarters  of  a  century  after  his  death,  a  rustic 
monument  was  set  up  on  a  mound  at  the  apex  of 
Fort  Hill  cemetery,  Auburn,  New  York,  where 
tradition  says  he  was  born.  On  it  is  inscribed  his 
own  words,  the  sad  and  heart-torn  cry,  "WHO  is 

THERE   TO   MOURN   FOR   LOGAN?"      Posterity  has 

been  tardy  in  erecting  memorials  to  mark  sites 
and  scenes  associated  with  his  life  and  places 
made  historic  by  his  deeds.  But  not  more  so  per 
haps  than  it  has  been  in  commemorating  the 


IO4  Logan  the  Mingo 

heroism  and  suffering  of  other  martyrs  to  the 
cause  of  freedom  of  those  days  who  were  of  our 
own  blood  and  kin. 

On  the  second  of  October  nineteen  hundred 
twelve  the  Elm  tree,  known  as  Logan's  Elm, 
hoary  with  its  ten  score  and  more  years,  together 
with  about  five  acres  of  ground  surrounding  it, 
situated  six  miles  south  of  Circleville  and  two  and 
a  half  miles  east  of  the  Scioto  River,  became  the 
property  of  the  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Histori 
cal  Society  to  be  preserved  in  perpetuity  as  a 
public  park.  A  granite  monument  was  erected  a 
few  rods  south  of  the  tree  with  inscriptions  which 
give  the  history  of  Maj.  John  Boggs  who  built  a 
cabin  on  the  spot  in  seventeen  hundred  ninety- 
eight;  of  his  son  and  of  his  grandson,  John  Boggs, 
Jr.,  who  erected  the  monument.  On  one  side  is 
the  following  record: — 

Under  the  spreading  branches  of 
a  magnificent  Elm  tree  near  by  is 
where  Logan,  a  Mingo  Chief, 
made  his  celebrated  speech,  and 
where  Lord  Dunmore  concluded 
his  treaty  with  the  Indians  in  1774, 
thereby  opened  this  County  for  the 
settlement  of  our  fathers. 

As  to  the  place  where  the  Dunmore  treaty  was 
actually  signed,  official  reports  and  history  agree 


Tributes — in  Song  and  Story  105 

that  it  was  done  at  Camp  Charlotte  which  was  a 
few  miles  east  of  this  spot.  An  epitaph  for  the 
occasion  and  worthy  of  the  plain,  celebrated 
Mingo  reads  as  follows: — 

Logan,  to  thy  memory  here 

White  men  do  this  tablet  rear ; 

On  its  front  we  grave  thy  name 

In  our  hearts  shall  live  thy  fame. 

While  Niagara's  thunders  roar 

Or  Erie's  surges  lash  the  shore; 

While  onward  broad  Ohio  glides 

And  seaward  roll  her  Indian  tides 

So  long  their  memory,  who  did  give 

These  floods  their  sounding  names  shall  live. 

While  time,  in  kindness,  hurries 

The  gory  axe  and  warrior's  bow. 

O  justice,  faithful  to  thy  trust, 

Record  the  virtues  of  the  just. 

In  weighing  human  conduct  and  estimating 
character,  of  an  individual,  of  a  group  of  men  or 
of  a  nation,  the  kind  and  the  magnitude  of  the 
temptations  he  meets  or  has  thrust  upon  him  count 
as  well  as  his  mental  endowment,  moral  standard 
and  social  aptitude.  And  down  the  long  per 
spective  of  history  comes  the  impartial  verdict 
that  to  spirits  that  exulted  in  the  fact  that  they 
were  the  first  owners  of  the  lands  and  all  the  mate 
rial  sources  of  a  satisfied  existence  which  they 
were  fighting  and  dying  to  protect;  to  human  be- 


io6  Logan  the  Mingo 

ings  that  were  born  free  and  loved  their  freedom 
next  to  life  itself;  and  to  a  proud  race  that  scorned 
slavery  and  the  thought  of  submission  and  extinc 
tion — the  havoc  forced  upon  the  Indians  was 
galling  and  cruelly  unjust. 

His  consistent  life  and  steadfast  purpose  won 
for  Logan  the  world's  admiration  and  praise  in 
spite  of  the  revenge  and  savagery  of  one-half  year 
and  the  intemperance  of  his  last  years.  His  char 
acter  embodied  the  best  traditions  and  highest 
ideals  of  the  proud,  care-free  and  restraint-free 
North  American  Indian  of  the  early  days  before 
they  deteriorated  into  a  state  of  relentless  sav 
agery  and  revenge.  He  was  frankly  honest, 
modest,  generous  and  faithful  to  a  trust  and  was 
"never  surpassed  by  any  of  his  nation  for  mag 
nanimity  in  war  and  greatness  of  soul  in  peace." 
One  law  of  his  life  was  to  do  as  you  would  be 
done  by.  His  manner  was  dignified  and  manly 
and  in  none  of  his  recorded  utterances  can  the 
language  of  abuse,  railery  or  contempt  be  found. 
Neither  did  he  ever  wear  a  petticoat  like  a  squaw, 
the  humiliating  sign  and  punishment  of  cowardice. 
The  better  qualities  of  his  character  and  deeds  of 
his  life  challenge  the  esteem  of  mankind  and  stand 
out  as  the  sure  marks  of  a  superior  nature  whose 
sincerity  and  humanity  were  shown  by  the  prac- 


Tributes — in  Song  and  Story  107 

tice  of  virtues  which  no  one  need  fear  or  blush 
to  imitate. 

His  eventful  life  fell  in  the  border-conflict 
period  of  Indian  and  Anglo-Saxon  history — bor 
der  in  a  much  deeper  and  broader  meaning  than 
geographical  boundaries,  the  edicts  of  Kings  or 
treaty  agreements.  It  was  the  meeting  of  two 
states  of  society  and  the  dividing  line  between  two 
races  whose  stages  of  social  organization  were 
separated  by  a  thousand  years  or  more  and  whose 
modes  of  living  were  widely  different. 

History  has  not  preserved  a  better  type  and 
higher  product  of  the  Indian  race  than  Logan. 
But  he  was  also  a  prophecy  of  the  new  civiliza 
tion  that  was  to  follow;  he  was  a  natural  man, 
democratic  and  American.  Brandt,  Red  Jacket, 
Pontiac,  Cornstalk,  Tecumseh  and  many  others 
were  famous  Chiefs  of  whose  prowess  and  great 
ness  the  Indian  could  proudly  and  justly  boast. 
But  Logan  was  both  revered  and  feared;  first 
feared  and  then  revered;  and  his  name  shines 
from  the  zenith  of  the  history  of  the  North 
American  Indian  as  the  friend  of  the  white  man 
and  the  most  renowned  individual  of  his  once 
numerous  race. 

What  Lord  Dufferin  wrote  of  Christopher 
Columbus,  the  explorer,  as  recently  as  eighteen 


io8  Logan  the  Mlngo 

hundred  ninety-two  may  be  also  said  of  Logan 
the  Indian,  "If  fame  is  an  enviable  thing,  there 
is  no  man's  fame  more  to  be  envied  than  his;  for 
never  has  fame  been  better  deserved,  so  widely 
acknowledged,  or  more  innocently  acquired.'* 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  LOGAN 

LITERATURE 

o 

Pennsylvania  Provincial  Council  Minutes. 

Historical  Collections  of  Pennsylvania. 

History  of  Northumberland  County,  Pa. 

History  of  Mifflin  County,  Pa. 

History  of  Huntingdon  County,  Pa. 

History  of  Western  Pennsylvania — A  Gentle 
man  of  the  Bar. 

The  Frontier  Forts  of  Pennsylvania. 

Historic  Memoirs  of  New  York. 

History  of  Auburn,  New  York. 

Hand  Book  of  Fort  Hill  Cemetery. 

Historical  Collections  of  Ohio — Howe. 

Ohio    Archaeological    and    Historical    Society 
Publications. 

Hand  Book  of  American  Indians — Bureau  of 
Ethnology,  D.  C. 

Notes  on  Virginia — Thomas  Jefferson. 

The  Olden  Time,  Vol.  I  and  II— Craig. 

Border  Fights  and  Fighters — Cyrus  Townsend 
Brady. 

109 


no  Logan  the  Mingo 

History  of  the  Moravian  Indians — Loskiel. 

Life  of  David  Zeisberger — Schweinits. 

History  of  Indians  of  North  America — Hecke- 
welder. 

History  of  New  York  Iroquois — Beauchamp. 

Iroquois  or  Bright  Side  of  Indian  Character — 
Minnie  Myrtle. 

Post's  Journals,  I  and  II — Christian  Frederick 
Post. 

Indian  Biography — Drake. 

Indian  Biography — Thatcher, 
v  Tah-gah-jute   or  Logan   and   Cresap — Brantz 
Mayer. 

Logan,  the  Last  of  the  Race  of  Shikellamy — 
Dr.  Joseph  Dodridge. 

Logan,  the  Mingo — Ellis. 


HOW     TO     INTERPRET 
PICTURES 

BY  FRANKLIN  B.  SAWVEL. 

Printed  on  laid  book  paper  and  bound  in  Vellum  de  Luxe 
with  gold  lettering.  Frontispiece  and  38  illustrations.  Price 
$1.00. 

"The_many,  whose  nearest  approach  to  criticism  in  an  art 
gallery  is  that  well-worn  remark,  'I  know  what  I  like,'  ought 
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out  a  practical  knowledge  of  painting,  one  may  train  himself 
into  intelligent  appreciation  of  fine  pictures.  He  takes  up  and 
analyzes  a  large  number  of  famous  pictures,  classifying  them  in 
several  large  groups— historical,  portraits,  landscapes,  etc. — 
tracing  development  in  the  direction  indicated  by  this  group 
ing,  calling  attention  to  the  characteristics  of  this  and  that  great 
painter,  _  and  shows  the  effect  upon  him  of  his  environment  and 
the  age  in  which  he  lived,  giving  just  such  information,  in  short, 
as  enables  one  to  understand  the  particular  work  described  and 
at  the  same  time  prepares  one  to  apply  to  others  the  same  meth 
ods  of  study  and  criticism." — The  United  Presbyterian. 

"The  volume  includes  especially  interesting  descriptions  of 
such  widely  diversified  pictures  as  the  'Sistine  Madonna,' 
Titian's  'Assumption,'  Leonardo's  'Last  Supper,'  Leighton's 
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various  battle  scenes." — The  Outlook. 

"How  to  Interpret  Pictures"  is  a  book  adapted  for  home 
reading,  art  study  clubs  or  teachers.  It  takes  the  methods  of 
study  and  analysis  found  most  valuable  in  the  exposition  of 
music  and  poetry  and  applies  them  to  pictures.  The  book  is 
a  valuable  addition  to  any  library." — The  Chautauqua  Assembly 
Herald. 


ANAS    OF 
THOMAS     JEFFERSON 

The  complete  edition  of  the  famous  ANAS  or  confiden 
tial  diary  of  Thos.  Jefferson  in  one  volume.  Collected 
from  the  original  Jefferson  manuscripts  and  edited  by 
Franklin  B.  Sawvel,  Ph.D. 

Cover  design  by  Will  Larymore  Smedley.  Frontispiece  and 
5  illustrations.  Cloth.  Price  $1.50. 


RETURN               MAIN  CIRCULATION 
TO—  ^ 

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RENEW  BOOKS  BY  CALLING  642-3405 

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SENT  ON  ILL 

MAY  0  5  1994 

U.  C.  BERKELEY 

FORM  NO.  DD6 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


VC  27839 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


